Sodium metabisulfite powder

Female pigs respond sensitive both to DON and ZEN with anorexia and endocrine disruption, respectively, when critical diet concentrations are exceeded. Therefore, the frequent co-contamination of feed by DON and ZEN requires their parallel inactivation. The additive ZenA hydrolyzes ZEN while SBS inactivates DON through sulfonation. Both supplements were simultaneously added (+, 2.5 g SBS and 100 U ZenA/kg) to a control diet (CON-, 0.04 mg DON and < 0.004 mg ZEN/kg; CON+, 0.03 mg DON and < 0.004 mg ZEN/kg) and a Fusarium toxin contaminated diet (FUS-, 2.57 mg DON and 0.24 mg ZEN/kg; FUS+, 2.04 mg DON and 0.24 mg ZEN/kg). The 4 diets were fed to 20 female weaned piglets each (6 kg initial body weight) for 35 days; the piglets were sacrificed thereafter for collecting samples. Supplements improved performance and modified metabolism and hematology independent of dietary DON contamination. The mechanisms behind these changes could not be clarified and require further consideration. SBS reduced DON concentration in feed by approximately 20% and to the same extent in blood plasma and urine suggesting that no further DON sulfonate formation occurred in the digestive tract before absorbing DON in the upper digestive tract or that additionally formed DON sulfonates escaped absorption. DON sulfonates were detected in feces suggesting that unabsorbed DON sulfonates reached feces and/or that unabsorbed DON was sulfonated in the hindgut. The observed reduction rate of 20% was evaluated to be insufficient for feeding practice. Galenic form of SBS added to dry feed needs to be improved to support the DON sulfonation in the proximal digestive tract.ZenA was active in the digestive tract as demonstrated by the presence of its hydrolyzed none-estrogenic reaction products hydrolyzed ZEN (HZEN) and decarboxylated and hydrolyzed ZEN (DHZEN) both in feces, systemic circulation, and urine of group FUS+ compared to group FUS-. The presence of these hydrolysis products was paralleled by a significant decrease in high-estrogenic ZEN concentrations which, in turn, was related to a decrease in relative weights of uteri and ovaries when compared to group FUS-. Thus, ZenA was proven to be effective; both in terms of biomarkers and biological effects.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Sodium metabisulfite (SMB) is a biocide and antioxidant agent generally used as a preservative in food and beverage industries but can oxidize to harmful sulfite radicals. A standardized Ginkgo biloba (EGb-761) has demonstrated potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which is beneficial for the treatment of diseases that exhibit oxidative stress and inflammation. The present study sought to investigate the putative ameliorative effects of EGb-761 against SMB-induced toxicity in mice. Thirty-two male Swiss white mice were randomized into control, SMB-treated, SMB + EGb-761-treated, and EGb-761-treated groups. EGb-761 (100 mg/kg/day) and SMB (98 mg/kg/day) were administered by gastric gavage for 40 days. Oral administration of EGb-761 restored SMB-induced decrease in body weight and prevented SMB-induced thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, and anemia. Furthermore, EGb-761-treatment protected against SMB-induced liver and kidney injury depicted by decreased serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, and albumin. Furthermore, EGb-761 treatment attenuated SMB-driven dyslipidemia and metabolic acidosis. Besides, EGb-761 supplementation abrogated SMB-driven oxidative stress as depicted by stabilized reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in the brain, liver, kidney, spleen, heart, and lungs. SMB induced a significant increase of tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), serum nitric oxide (NO), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) which were abrogated by EGb-761 treatment. In conclusion, these results deepen our understanding of EGb-761 in light of various detrimental effects of SMB-driven toxicities. These findings provide a novel approach that can be optimized for preventing or treating exposure due to SMB toxicity.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Abstract Starch can be produced from many plant varieties and through various processing methods. Breadnut ( Artocarpus camansi ) is a plant variety containing seeds that are rich in carbohydrates to produce starch. However, it has not been widely used and converted into useful products because it is still traditionally considered waste. Starch can be produced physically, chemically, and enzymatically. In this study, the starch extraction from breadnut seeds was conducted using a chemical method, namely immersion into sodium metabisulfite (Na 2 S 2 O 5 ) at concentrations of 600, 800, and 1000 ppm. Characterization includes starch content, water content, amylose content, crystallinity using XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), functional groups using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), and morphology using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). The results showed the immersion of breadnut seeds into sodium metabisulfite affected the physicochemical properties. The produced starch content ranged from 53.56-54.87%; water content ranged from 5.83-6.66%; amylose content ranged from 27.07-30.80%. Based on the X-ray diffraction pattern, breadnut seed starch belonged to Type B which reached the highest peak at 17° 2θ. The functional group also showed the same FTIR spectrum in the breadnut seeds starch. Meanwhile, the morphological result showed that the starch granules of breadnut seeds ranged from 6.6 μm to 8.1 μm.

Abstract licence: CC BY

This study aimed to investigate the influence of different concentrations of sodium metabisulfite on the conformation of the myofibrillar protein (MP) and its covalent complexation with (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Changes in sodium dodecyl SDS‒PAGE and free thiol content indicated that disulfide bonds in MP were disrupted by sodium metabisulfite, resulting in a maximum 3.82-fold increase in free thiol concentration compared to the control group. Fluorescence spectra and circular dichroism analysis revealed that when sodium metabisulfite was added at a concentration of 1 mmol/L, hydrophobic forces drove the self-assembly of MP, leading to a reduction in particle size to 53.21 μm and an increase in β-sheet content to 11.27%. Upon complexation with EGCG, the structure of MP became looser, causing an increase in particle size to 169.01 μm and a significant decrease in α-helix content to a maximum of 39.46%. This study revealed that increasing the concentration of sodium metabisulfite promoted the covalent complexation of MP with EGCG, with the optimal complexation observed at 1 mmol/L sodium metabisulfite, resulting in a notable 97.1% free radical sca0venging activity (compared to 77.8 % in the control group). These findings provide an economical and effective method to alleviate limitations in the food industry regarding MP utilization.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND