Polysaccharide-iron complex 100mg/5ml oral solution sugar free

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, amyloid-β aggregation, tau pathology, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Despite extensive research, effective disease-modifying therapies remain limited, underscoring the need for multi-target therapeutic strategies. Species of the genus Astragalus, widely used in traditional medicine, have gained attention for their neuroprotective potential due to diverse bioactive constituents, including saponins, flavonoids, and polysaccharides. This systematic review synthesizes current preclinical and emerging clinical evidence on the neuroprotective mechanisms of Astragalus species in AD. Literature was systematically analyzed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The findings indicate that Astragalus-derived compounds exert multi-target effects through modulation of key signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt, Nrf2/ARE, MAPK, and NF-κB. These interactions collectively reduce oxidative stress, attenuate neuroinflammation, inhibit neuronal apoptosis, and improve synaptic function. Several studies further suggest roles in mitigating amyloid-β toxicity and tau hyperphosphorylation. Collectively, the evidence supports a systems-level pharmacological model in which Astragalus species mediate convergent neuroprotective effects across interconnected molecular pathways. However, translation to clinical application remains limited by insufficient human studies, variability in species-specific phytochemical profiles, and lack of standardized formulations. Future research should prioritize well-designed clinical trials, comparative species-level analyses, and mechanistic validation to establish the therapeutic potential of Astragalus in AD.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND

Antibiotic resistance poses one of the most pressing threats to global public health, underscoring the urgent need for novel antimicrobial agents. Mushroom-derived polysaccharides have attracted considerable attention due to their structural diversity, low toxicity and various pharmacological activities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of polysaccharides isolated from edible and medicinal mushrooms against a range of pathogens, including multidrug-resistant species, with particular emphasis on the structural features that govern their efficacy. The mechanisms underlying these activities are examined, encompassing host immunomodulation, inhibition of pathogen attachment and entry, enzymatic inhibition of microbial replication and direct disruption of microbial cell integrity. Strategies to enhance antimicrobial potency are also discussed, covering chemical derivatization (e.g., sulfation, deacetylation), nanocomposite formulation and combination with conventional antimicrobials. Finally, the challenges of clinical translation including limited oral bioavailability, structural heterogeneity across preparations, and the lack of randomized clinical trial data in infectious disease indications, are critically evaluated. Addressing these gaps through standardization of production protocols, integrative structure-activity characterization and well-designed clinical trials will help advance the application of mushroom polysaccharides in medicine, food preservation, and agriculture.

Abstract licence: CC BY