Flexible collodion methylated

The production of hydrocarbon fuels shows a downward trend which forces people to look for alternative renewable fuels such as biodiesel from vegetable oil. One solution that can be applied in the use of biodiesel mixed with castor oil. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using a mixture of castor oil on the performance of diesel engines. The method used in this experiment is testing it directly on a diesel engine. Experiments were carried out on machines with a load of up to 4000 watts by mixing pure diesel fuel with castor oil to produce biodiesel B10, B20, and B30 as fuel. The results showed that the use of castor oil biodiesel tends to be lower than diesel oil, the torque produced by B20 17,59 N.m is greater than diesel oil, and the thermal efficiency of B20 17,04 % and SFC B20 is 470,2 gr/kWh more economical than diesel oil. B20 provides better performance values foe diesel engines and this is the right solution to be an alternative fuel other than diesel oil.

Abstract licence: CC BY 4.0

Abstract New CAO/PEG hybrids were synthesized by reacting castor oil (CAO) with different polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecular weights, 300, 600, 1000, 2000 and 4000 Da, in presence of ammonium persufate (APS) as an initiator. The optimum conditions to synthesis such hybrids are: PEG/CAO weight ratio, 35%; APS/PEG weight ratio, 15%; reaction temperature, 80 OC; and reaction time, 60 min. Only the hybrids based on PEGs of the molecular weight 1000 and 2000 Da form oil in water good emulsions. Such hybrids emulsions were applied as textile softeners with a concentration 40 g/L during easy care finishing of cotton fabric. The results obtained illustrated an enhancement in nitrogen content, wrinkle recovery angle, tensile strength, stiffness, and softness along with a reduction in wettability and whiteness index properties of treated fabric, compared to the untreated fabric. Increasing the PEG molecular weight gives rise to a reduction in extents of the nitrogen content, wrinkle recovery angle, wettability and softness along with an enhancement in tensile strength, whiteness index, and stiffness properties of treated fabric. The chemical structure of the synthesized CAO/PEG1000 hybrid was confirmed by the FTIR analysis whereas the TEM analysis showed that the particle size of that hybrid emulsion in the range of 27–56 nm. The CAO/PEG1000 hybrid emulsion treated fabric surface was characterized using SEM and EDX analysis.

Abstract licence: CC BY 4.0

Abstract Dynamic maceration is applied for the first time to castor oil extraction. Kinetic models are evaluated to determine the most accurate predictive model for process optimization and scale-up. An assessment of three mathematical models using Comsol Multiphysics software was carried out. Effects of solvent nature and extraction temperature were investigated. The results showed that solvent polarity positively affected the process, highest yields were obtained using Ethanol with values of 49.938, 17.44 and 19.197% using Soxhlet method, dynamic maceration at 20°C and 50°C, respectively. The higher temperature improved oil extraction yield and extraction time, For example, by using Hexane the yield was increased from 9.787% to 12.494% when the temperature rose from 20 to 50°C.The comparison of the experimental values and the results obtained by the models, showed reasonable average absolute relative deviations (Average AARD = 0.11), confirming the reliability and suitability of the three considered models.

Abstract licence: CC BY 4.0