Choline salicylate 8.7% oromucosal gel sugar free

Background and objectiveEggs are rich in choline and other methyl donors that may influence metabolic health, yet their effects on circulating metabolites such as choline, betaine, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) remain unclear. Understanding these effects is critical due to potential links with cardiometabolic risk. This study aimed to systematically evaluate and quantitatively synthesize the effects of egg consumption on plasma levels of choline, betaine, and TMAO in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and to explore potential effect modifiers.MethodsA systematic search of electronic databases was conducted to identify RCTs examining the effects of egg consumption on circulating choline, betaine, and TMAO. Data were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses. Subgroup analyses were performed based on age, body mass index, health status, study design, duration, and egg dosage. Meta-regression was conducted to assess the influence of age, dose, and duration. Publication bias was evaluated using Egger's and Begg's tests, funnel plots, and trim-and-fill analysis. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the NutriGRADE tool, which is specifically recommended for nutrition meta-analyses.ResultsSix RCTs (n = 5 for betaine and TMAO; n = 6 for choline) were included. Multi-arm trials were combined into single pairwise comparisons per outcome, as per Cochrane Handbook Sect. 23.3.4, to avoid unit-of-analysis errors. No significant overall effects were observed for choline (WMD = 0.10; 95% CI: - 0.92 to 1.12; p = 0.847), betaine (WMD = 0.21; 95% CI: - 8.50 to 8.92; p = 0.962), or TMAO (WMD = - 0.08; 95% CI: - 0.47 to 0.32; p = 0.692). High heterogeneity was noted for choline and betaine (I² > 85%), but low for TMAO (I² = 23%). Subgroup analyses showed significant choline increases among older adults (> 45 years) and individuals with metabolic syndrome or obesity. Meta-regression revealed a negative association between egg dose and both choline and betaine levels (p ConclusionsNo clear effect of egg consumption on circulating choline, betaine, or TMAO levels could be demonstrated. Age and metabolic status may influence choline responses, and higher egg doses may attenuate choline and betaine levels. Based on NutriGRADE, the overall certainty of evidence was rated as moderate for all three outcomes. Further long-term, high-quality RCTs are needed to clarify these associations.

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Brain development is an ongoing process that occurs throughout the first 1000 days of life (conception until 2 years) and proceeds throughout childhood, adolescence and up until early adulthood. Adequate nutrient intakes are crucial for both neurodevelopment inside the womb and critical life-stages thereafter when the brain continues to grow and develop. This review critically summarises the current evidence for eggs and nutrients found in eggs in relation to their potential to support brain development and function. Twenty-one key publications, including a mixture of meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials (RCTs), clinical trials and observational studies, were identified, focusing on eggs or nutrients found in eggs that could influence brain development and function. Findings suggest that the consumption of eggs or nutrients found in eggs could have potential benefits for aspects of neurodevelopment, certain markers of motor development and academic performance. Eggs are high in protein, monounsaturated fatty acids, riboflavin, vitamin B12, vitamin D, biotin, iodine, selenium and a source of vitamin A, folate, pantothenic acid and phosphorus. They also provide an array of nutrients and bioactive components, including docosahexaenoic acid, choline, lutein and zeaxanthin that have potential to reinforce brain growth and development. Given the nutrient-dense profile of eggs, consumption could be encouraged across life-stages that are physiologically demanding from a brain development, growth and function stance. This includes amongst women of childbearing age, infancy, childhood and adolescence. However, the extent to which egg intake can influence specific markers of brain/cognitive function requires further investigation.

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Background/objectivesIn 1998 choline was identified as an essential nutrient by the United States Institute of Medicine. Choline is known primarily for its roles in neurotransmitter production, cell membrane formation, and methyl and lipid metabolism. Since this discovery the relevance of choline to maternal, fetal, and infant health has been studied intensively. This narrative review provides a coherent update of the latest evidence for field clinicians and healthcare professionals.MethodsA PubMed/ScienceDirect search for human clinical evidence restricted to meta-analysis and systematic/review publications from the last 10 years was undertaken.ResultsMeta-analysis and review publications highlight the importance of choline in supporting maternal health and fetal development during pregnancy by showing promising roles for choline in relation to neurological development, brain and liver function, reduced neural tube defect risk, and adverse pregnancy outcome risk. However, there are clear present-day gaps between habitual choline intakes and intake recommendations with the majority of pregnant and lactating women not meeting adequate intake recommendations for choline. This gap is anticipated to widen given transitions towards plant-based diets which tend to be lower in choline.ConclusionsAlongside folic acid recommendations, choline supplementation should be considered in dietary recommendations by clinicians during crucial life stages such as pregnancy and lactation when physiological demands for this critical nutrient substantially increase.

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Background: Meta-analyses on the prevalence and significance of thyroid incidentalomas at PET (TIP) are available only about [18F]FDG. Focal TIP at [18F]FDG PET is not rare and may be malignant lesions in about one-third of cases. The aim of this study is to perform a meta-analysis on the prevalence and clinical significance of TIP using other PET radiotracers beyond [18F]FDG. Methods: A comprehensive literature search of studies about TIP was carried out using four different databases, screened until 31 December 2024. Only original articles about TIP using radiopharmaceuticals other than [18F]FDG were selected. A proportion meta-analysis on the prevalence and clinical significance of TIP was carried out on a patient-based analysis using a random-effects model. Results: 21 studies (29,409 patients) were included in the meta-analysis. PET was performed using radiolabeled somatostatin analogues (SSA) [n = 5], choline [n = 6], prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) [n = 7], or fibroblast activation protein inhibitors (FAPI) [n = 3]. The uptake pattern of TIP was described as focal, diffuse, or mixed/heterogeneous. The pooled prevalence of TIP was 5.6% for SSA-PET, 6.1% for choline-PET, 4.2% for PSMA-PET, and 3.6% for FAPI-PET. The final diagnosis of TIP with a diffuse pattern was a benign condition or represented a physiological uptake. Conversely, TIP with focal or mixed/heterogeneous pattern may represent a benign condition in most cases, but even a malignant lesion in 6-10% of cases. Conclusions: As for [18F]FDG, TIP using other radiopharmaceuticals is not rare. Most of them are benign, but those with focal or heterogeneous uptake patterns may represent a malignant lesion in some cases (even if the risk of malignancy is lower compared to [18F]FDG PET), thus requiring further evaluation. Further studies are warranted to better clarify the clinical impact of TIP detection.

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Background and Objectives: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted based on the CONSORT study protocol for randomized clinical trials (NCT06531720) to compare the effectiveness of oral mucosa healing properties of 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) and 8.7% choline salicylate (CHS), as well as a control group (CON) with no intervention, in patients with delivered partial removable dentures (PRDs). Materials and Methods: Patients (n = 27) who were enrolled in the study were healthy subjects according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria, and they received new PRDs to complement Kennedy’s class III and IV deficiencies. During the process of adaptation to new prosthetic restorations, OMLs were formed and treated with one of two selected preparations, either CHX = 0.2% or CHS = 8.7%, in relation to the control group (CON). The wound surface area (WSA) (mm2) was measured on repeatable intraoral images taken in accordance with the examination protocol on the first control visit on day 1, day 3, day 7, day 10, and day 14 with the assistance of computer software. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between groups. The fastest effect of WSA complete reduction was observed in the CHX group after 7 days (WAS = 0.78, SD = 1.18) in comparison to CHS = 10 days (WAS = 0.44, SD = 0.90) and CON = 14 days (WAS = 0.22, SD = 0.67). The decrease in the WSA after 7 days of observation was 85.1% in the CHX group, 70.1% in the CHS group, and 59.2% in the CON group. Conclusions: The WSA decreased most rapidly after 7 days of treatment with 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), slightly more slowly after 10 days of treatment with 8.7% choline salicylate (CHS), and relatively most slowly in the CON group, who were not treated with any topical medication after 14 days. Oral mucosa lesions (OMLs) therapy during the process of adaptation to new removable prosthetic restorations is a very important element supporting the whole process. Topical medications containing 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate are indicated as adjunctive therapy in the process of the supportive treatment and disinfection of oral mucosa lesions. However, this does not release the dentist from liability for the careful adjustment of the removable prosthetic restoration.

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Abstract Background: Iron deficiency (ID) limits the neurodevelopmental potential of more than 200 million children each year. Iron therapy started when IDA is first diagnosed—typically by screening for anemia at or detection of clinical symptoms of IDA at 12 months of age—does not fully correct earlier ID-mediated brain dysfunction, underscoring the need for low-cost, easily implementable adjunct therapies to iron to treat or prevent this dysfunction in high-risk populations. Supplementation with the essential nutrient choline lessens damage done to the developing hippocampus when given with iron in pre-clinical rodent models, and choline supplementation improves hippocampus-mediated memory and learning in 2-3-year-old children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, a condition associated with hippocampal damage and one for which ID is a component of the neuropathology. Choline has not been tested in children with IDA. Our overall aim is to conduct a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial to test whether nine months of daily choline supplementation along with standard iron therapy improves hippocampus-dependent neurobehavioral outcomes in Ugandan infants with IDA. Methods: Three hundred 6-month-old infants with IDA who present to immunization clinics at Mulago and Kawempe National Referral Hospitals in Kampala, Uganda, will be randomized to iron plus choline or iron plus placebo. Iron (oral ferrous sulfate 2 mg/kg/day) will be given for the first three months of follow-up, and a dispersible tablet of choline (200 mg as choline bitartrate) or identical placebo will be given daily for all nine months of follow-up. We will conduct neurobehavioral tests assessing hippocampus-specific memory and attention and global cognition at enrollment (when each infant is 6 months of age) and after nine months of follow-up (when each infant is 15 months of age). Discussion: If we find a neurobehavioral benefit when choline is given along with iron, choline could be added immediately to standard of care treatment for IDA. This low-cost intervention could safely mitigate the brain dysfunction of early-life ID that is often not diagnosed until the hippocampal critical window is closing, providing life-long benefit for both the individual and the economic and social prosperity of entire regions. Trial registration: Clinical trials.gov# NCT06527391; Registered 24 July 2024

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Ionic liquids (ILs) have rapidly emerged as multifunctional formulation tools capable of addressing long-standing challenges in drug delivery. This scoping review systematically assessed their pharmaceutical applications through a structured search of Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, yielding 1866 records, of which 91 experimental studies met the inclusion criteria. Across oral, injectable, topical, transdermal, nasal, and advanced delivery systems, ILs consistently improved the drug solubility, chemical stability, mucosal permeability, and overall biopharmaceutical performance. Choline- and imidazolium-based ILs were the most frequently investigated, demonstrating favorable safety profiles and significant pharmacokinetic benefitsincluding increases in maximum plasma concentration (C max), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), and duration of action for poorly soluble small molecules, peptides, and biologics. Beyond classical excipient roles, ILs acted as structural and functional components in next-generation delivery platforms such as self-emulsifying systems, ionogels, microneedles, polymer-IL nanocomposites, and mucoadhesive films. Mechanistic evidence highlights their capacity to modulate molecular solvation, disrupt biological barriers, enable reversible tight-junction opening, and stabilize labile biomacromolecules. Collectively, these findings establish ILs as versatile and tunable design elements capable of overcoming key limitations in drug solubility and bioavailability. However, despite substantial preclinical progress, the clinical translation of IL-based formulations remains limited by regulatory uncertainty and the need for standardized toxicological and environmental safety evaluations.

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