Official documents, adverse reaction reporting, and safety monitoring
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Official medicine documents
Yellow Card
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Drug safety updates
MHRA alerts for Ammonia + Ammonium bicarbonate
Safety monitoring data
Yellow Card reports
The MHRA Yellow Card scheme collects reports of suspected side effects from healthcare professionals and patients. View the Drug Analysis Profile (iDAP) for real-world adverse reaction data.
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Submit a Yellow Card report to the MHRA
Data from the MHRA Yellow Card scheme. A reported reaction does not necessarily mean the medicine caused it. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
EudraVigilance
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) collects suspected adverse reaction reports from across the EU/EEA through the EudraVigilance system. Search for safety data on this medicine.
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EudraVigilance data is published by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). A suspected adverse reaction is not necessarily caused by the medicine.
3 branded products available
Therapeutically similar medicines
Similarity is based on WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and on a factual NHS dm+d therapeutic-grouping code prefix. Source data: NHS dm+d via TRUD (OGL v3.0), WHO ATC/DDD Index.
NHS prescribing volume and spending trends
Check stock at pharmacies and supply information
Pharmacy stock checkers
Search for this medicine at major UK pharmacy chains. These links open the retailer's own website — results depend on their current online catalogue.
Supply & safety information
Official UK regulator monitoring and safety alerts
Pharmacy links redirect to the retailer's own search and do not represent real-time stock levels. Shortage and safety information sourced from MHRA drug safety updates (gov.uk, Crown Copyright under OGL v3.0).
Codes for healthcare professionals and prescribing systems
These codes are used by healthcare IT systems and prescribers to identify this medicine.
NHS UK identifiers
SNOMED CT and dm+d codes from NHS TRUD (Technology Reference data Update Distribution), licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. BNF code shown is the factual mapping value distributed by NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA) in the dm+d supplementary file under OGL v3.0; it is not affiliated with, nor licensed from, the publishers of the British National Formulary.
Active and completed clinical studies from ClinicalTrials.gov
Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Data accessed via ClinicalTrials.gov API v2. Trial information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.
Academic studies and reviews for this medicine's active substance
Showing the 50 most relevant studies.
Reviews & meta-analyses: 1 · Randomised trials: 3 · 1949–2025
Showing the 50 most relevant studies, sorted by most relevant.
Yuecheng Xiong, Yunhao Wang, Jingwen Zhou, et al.
Advanced Materials, 2023
Arsalan Sepehri, Mohammad‐Hossein Sarrafzadeh
Applied Water Science, 2019
Laura A. Sauder, Mads Albertsen, Katja Engel, et al.
The ISME Journal, 2017
- Ammonia
- Archaea
- Carbon
Giovanna Salbitani, Simona Carfagna
Sustainability, 2021
Jong‐Geol Kim, Soo-Je Park, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, et al.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2016
- Ammonia
- Archaea
- Hydrogen Peroxide
Philipp Kuntke, Tom Sleutels, Mariana Rodríguez Arredondo, et al.
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2018
- Electrochemistry
- Water Purification
- Ammonia
Hong Wang, Lu Wang, Qiang Wang, et al.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2018
Gu F, You Z, Hawkins N, et al.
2025
- Acidosis
- Sodium Bicarbonate
- Cognition
IntroductionMetabolic acidosis may create a pathway to cognitive impairment in chronic kidney disease (CKD) by contributing to cerebrovascular dysfunction. Trials examining the effect of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on cognitive function are lacking.MethodsWe conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study examining the effect of 12 months of NaHCO3 on cognitive function in 34 patients aged 50-80 years with CKD stage 3b-4 (eGFR 15-44 ml/min/1.73m2) with metabolic acidosis (serum bicarbonate level 16-22 mEq/L). Participants were randomized 1:1 to NaHCO3 or placebo. The primary endpoint was change in overall cognition (Cognitive Function Composite score) assessed by the NIH Toolbox® Cognition Battery over 12 months. Secondary endpoints were change in cerebrovascular reactivity and pulsatility of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) assessed by Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography over 12 months.Results33 patients completed the study. After 12 months of treatment with NaHCO3 therapy, the Cognitive Function Composite score increased significantly from baseline (mean ± SD, 47.3 ± 8.5 to 49.3 ± 11.0, p = 0.03), however, there was no difference compared to placebo (p = 0.39). NaHCO3 therapy resulted in a significant reduction in time to perform the Trail Making Test-A (median [IQR], 31.3 [27.0, 36.3] to 29.0 [19.4, 38.2] seconds, p = 0.02), however there was no difference compared to placebo (p = 0.29). After 12 months of treatment, there was a significant increase in resting pulsatility index of the MCA in the placebo group, but there were no statistical differences between groups (p = 0.71). NaHCO3 treatment resulted in a significant decrease in baseline mean blood flow velocity of the MCA (p = 0.03), but there was no difference from placebo (p = 0.11).ConclusionsAlthough there were trends supporting a role for sodium bicarbonate in having an effect on cognitive function, this was not significant in this underpowered study. A larger study is recommended.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov (NCT04600323) on 10/19/2020.
Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND
Jessica Kendrick, Nayana Patel, Andrews, Emily, et al.
2023
Ngupis N, Satirapoj B, Tangwonglert T, et al.
2025
- Bicarbonates
- Sodium Bicarbonate
- Transforming Growth Factor beta
Sources: aggregated from Europe PMC (EMBL-EBI), OpenAlex, Crossref, PubMed and other open scholarly databases. Retracted articles are excluded. Study information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.
Pharmacology and chemical data from DrugBank
Key facts
Drug status
experimental
Major interactions
None known
Half-life
Not available
Mechanism
Not available
Food interactions
None known
Human targets
None mapped
Data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Pharmacokinetics at a glance
Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
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Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
DrugBank citations
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Structured knowledge from the free knowledge base
Linked open data from Wikidata (Q421123), a free and open knowledge base operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Data is available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication.