What should I avoid while taking Zonisamide 25mg/5ml oral suspension?

Avoid alcohol. Ingesting alcohol may increase drowsiness and dizziness. Take with or without food. (Source: DrugBank, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0)

Do I need a prescription for Zonisamide 25mg/5ml oral suspension?

Zonisamide 25mg/5ml oral suspension is classified as a Valid as a prescribable product in the UK. However, always consult a pharmacist or doctor before use. (Source: NHS dm+d)

What are the brand names for Zonisamide 25mg/5ml oral suspension?

Zonisamide 25mg/5ml oral suspension is the generic name. It is available under brand names including: Zonisamide 25mg/5ml oral suspension. (Source: NHS dm+d — Actual Medicinal Products)

Zonisamide 25mg/5ml oral suspension

Prescription only

Requires a prescription from a doctor or prescriber

Oral suspension

25mg/5ml

Oral

Antiepileptic

Antiepileptic drugs

Active ingredients:

Zonisamide

BNF classificationBrowse formulary

Where this medicine sits in the British National Formulary — the UK's standard prescribing reference

BNF 04.08.01

ATC classificationBrowse ATC index

International classification by the WHO, grouping medicines by the organ system they act on

ATC N03AX15

Chemical classBrowse classes

Classification based on the molecule's chemical structure and properties

Primary care groupBrowse groups

NHS medication clusters used to compare prescribing patterns across GP practices

Antiepileptic

Check interactions for Zonisamide

No active safety alerts

Official documents, adverse reaction reporting, and safety monitoring

Report a side effect

Submit a Yellow Card report to the MHRA

Official medicine documents

Yellow Card

Report side effects (MHRA)

Drug safety updates

MHRA alerts for Zonisamide

Source: MHRA Products DatabaseOGL 3.0

Updated 3 months ago(16 Jan 2026)

Safety monitoring data

Yellow Card reports

MHRA

The MHRA Yellow Card scheme collects reports of suspected side effects from healthcare professionals and patients. View the Drug Analysis Profile (iDAP) for real-world adverse reaction data.

View Drug Analysis Profile

Suspected adverse reactions reported for Zonisamide

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Report a side effect

Submit a Yellow Card report to the MHRA

Data from the MHRA Yellow Card scheme. A reported reaction does not necessarily mean the medicine caused it. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.

EudraVigilance

EMA

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) collects suspected adverse reaction reports from across the EU/EEA through the EudraVigilance system. Search for safety data on this medicine.

View EudraVigilance report

Suspected adverse reactions reported for Zonisamide

About EudraVigilance

Learn about EU pharmacovigilance and safety monitoring

EudraVigilance data is published by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). A suspected adverse reaction is not necessarily caused by the medicine.

1 branded products available

1 productsShow details

1 products

Possibly available on the UK marketRestricted supplyDiscontinuedAvailability per NHS dm+d

MHRA licensed products

View all licensed products for Zonisamide on the MHRA register

Zonisamide 25mg/5ml oral suspension

Special Order

None

Special

Source: NHS dm+dOGL 3.0

Updated about 1 month ago(1 Mar 2026)

Daily doseShow details

WHO defined daily dose (DDD)

200 mg

Not a recommended dose. The DDD is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults. It is a statistical measure used for research and comparison purposes only.

Source: WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, distributed via NHS dm+d BNF mapping files. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.

Therapeutically similar medicines

10 similarShow details

Zonisamide 200mg capsules

Capsule

200mg

Same therapeutic group

Sultiame 20mg/ml oral suspension

Oral suspension

20mg

Same therapeutic group

Zonisamide 20mg/ml oral suspension sugar free

Oral suspension

20mg

Same therapeutic group

Topiramate 20mg/ml oral solution sugar free

Oral solution

20mg

Same therapeutic group

Lamotrigine 10mg/ml oral suspension sugar free

Oral suspension

10mg

Same therapeutic group

Similarity based on WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and NHS BNF section grouping. Source data: NHS dm+d via TRUD (OGL v3.0), WHO ATC/DDD Index.

NHS prescribing volume and spending trends

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Clinical guidelines and formulary information

British National Formulary

Zonisamide

BNF

Drug monograph — bnf.nice.org.uk

Source: British National Formulary, NICE. Joint Formulary Committee. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.

NICE clinical guidance(2)

Epilepsies in children, young people and adults (NG217)

NG217

NICE guideline

Updated Jan 2025

Cenobamate for treating focal onset seizures in epilepsy (TA753)

TA753

Technology appraisal

Updated Jul 2025

Source: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.

Check stock at pharmacies and supply information

Show details

Pharmacy stock checkers

Search for this medicine at major UK pharmacy chains. These links open the retailer's own website — results depend on their current online catalogue.

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Supply & product information

Official product databases and supply status monitoring

Shortages info

NHS Specialist Pharmacy Service (SPS)

emc product search

Discontinuations & alternatives for Zonisamide

Pharmacy links redirect to the retailer's own search and do not represent real-time stock levels. emc (electronic medicines compendium) is operated by Datapharm Ltd. Shortage information sourced from NHS Specialist Pharmacy Service (SPS), sps.nhs.uk.

Codes for healthcare professionals and prescribing systems

Show details

These codes are used by healthcare IT systems and prescribers to identify this medicine.

NHS UK identifiers

SNOMED CT

24595511000001107

dm+d ID

24595511000001107

VTM (Virtual Therapeutic Moiety)

777991006

VMP (Virtual Medicinal Product)

24595511000001107

BNF code

04080100

International identifiers

ATC code — Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (WHO)

N03AX15

Browse tools

dm+d Browser

NHSBSA medicines dictionary lookup

SNOMED CT and dm+d codes from NHS TRUD (Technology Reference data Update Distribution), licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. BNF codes from NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA). ATC codes from the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (whocc.no).

Active and completed clinical studies from ClinicalTrials.gov

Show details

Searching UK clinical trials...

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Data accessed via ClinicalTrials.gov API v2. Trial information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.

Pharmacology and chemical data from DrugBank

go.drugbank.com

Key facts

Drug status

Approved

Major interactions

31 found

Half-life

63 hours

Mechanism

The mechanism of action by which zonisamide controls seizures has not been fully established.

Food interactions

2 warnings

Human targets

32 targets

Data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0

Pharmacokinetics at a glance

Absorption

400 mg

Between 200 and 400 mg, zonisamide follows a dose-proportional pharmacokinetic profile.
[L42530][L42535]…

Half-life

63 hours

In plasma, the elimination half-life of zonisamide is approximately 63 hours. In red blood cells, it is approximately 105 hours.
[L42530][L42535]

Protein binding

7.0 μg/mL

At concentrations between 1.0 and 7.0 μg/mL, zonisamide is approximately 40% bound to human plasma proteins.
[L42530][L42535]…

Volume of distribution

400 mg

Following a 400 mg oral dose, zonisamide has an apparent volume of distribution (V/F) of 1.45 L/kg.
[L42530][L42535]

Metabolism

Zonisamide metabolites are generated mainly by principally reductive and conjugative mechanisms.…

Elimination

62%

Zonisamide is mainly excreted as the parent drug and the glucuronide of a metabolite.…

Clearance

0.30-0.35 mL/min/kg

In patients not taking enzyme-inducing antiepilepsy drugs (AEDs), the plasma clearance of oral zonisamide is approximately 0.30-0.35…

Pharmacokinetic data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0

Status:

Approved

Investigational

Small molecule

About this compound

Zonisamide is a sulfonamide anticonvulsant used as an adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures.[L42530][L42535] Zonisamide may act by blocking repetitive firing of voltage-gated sodium channels, leading to a reduction of T-type calcium channel currents or by binding allosterically to GABA receptors. This latter action may inhibit the uptake of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA while enhancing the uptake of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate.[L42530][L42535] Zonisamide represents an alternative for patients that remain refractory to established antiepileptic drugs. In 1989, it was approved for commercial use in Japan. The US and Europe approved it in 2000 and 2005, respectively.[A1379][A1383]

Properties:

solid

Avg. mass: 212.23 Da

View FDA drug label

DrugBank indication

Zonisamide capsules are indicated as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial seizures in adults with epilepsy.
[L42530]
Zonisamide oral suspension is indicated as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in adults and pediatric patients 16 years of age and older.
[L42535]

Also known as(211)

1,2-Benzisoxazole-3-methanesulfonamide

3-(Sulfamoylmethyl)-1,2-benzisoxazole

Benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl-methanesulfonamide

Zonisamida

Zonisamide

Zonisamidum

NAC1

SCN1

Dosage forms(19)

Capsule (Oral) — 50.000 mg

Capsule (Oral) — 25 mg

(Oral) — 100 mg

(Oral) — 25 mg

(Oral) — 300 mg

(Oral) — 50 mg

Capsule (Oral) — 100.000 mg

Tablet, coated (Oral) — 100 mg

Molecular properties(19)

Drug interactions(2259)

Known interactions with other medications. Always consult a healthcare professional.

Afatinib

Unknown severity

DB08916

The serum concentration of Afatinib can be increased when it is combined with Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Bosutinib

Unknown severity

DB06616

The serum concentration of Bosutinib can be increased when it is combined with Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Brentuximab vedotin

Unknown severity

DB08870

The serum concentration of Brentuximab vedotin can be increased when it is combined with Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Colchicine

Unknown severity

DB01394

The serum concentration of Colchicine can be increased when it is combined with Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Edoxaban

Unknown severity

DB09075

The serum concentration of Edoxaban can be increased when it is combined with Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Ledipasvir

Unknown severity

DB09027

The serum concentration of Ledipasvir can be increased when it is combined with Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Naloxegol

Unknown severity

DB09049

The serum concentration of Naloxegol can be increased when it is combined with Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Pazopanib

Unknown severity

DB06589

The serum concentration of Pazopanib can be increased when it is combined with Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Prucalopride

Unknown severity

DB06480

The serum concentration of Prucalopride can be increased when it is combined with Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Ranolazine

Unknown severity

DB00243

The serum concentration of Ranolazine can be increased when it is combined with Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Silodosin

Unknown severity

DB06207

The excretion of Silodosin can be decreased when combined with Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Topotecan

Unknown severity

DB01030

The serum concentration of Topotecan can be increased when it is combined with Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Ceritinib

Moderate

DB09063

Zonisamide may increase the bradycardic activities of Ceritinib.

Check this interaction

Ivabradine

Moderate

DB09083

Zonisamide may increase the bradycardic activities of Ivabradine.

Check this interaction

Ruxolitinib

Moderate

DB08877

Ruxolitinib may increase the bradycardic activities of Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Cilostazol

Unknown severity

DB01166

The serum concentration of Cilostazol can be increased when it is combined with Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Buprenorphine

Moderate

DB00921

Zonisamide may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Buprenorphine.

Check this interaction

Doxylamine

Moderate

DB00366

Doxylamine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Dronabinol

Moderate

DB00470

Dronabinol may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Droperidol

Moderate

DB00450

Droperidol may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Hydrocodone

Moderate

DB00956

Zonisamide may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Hydrocodone.

Check this interaction

Magnesium sulfate

Moderate

DB00653

The therapeutic efficacy of Zonisamide can be increased when used in combination with Magnesium sulfate.

Check this interaction

Methotrimeprazine

Moderate

DB01403

Zonisamide may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Methotrimeprazine.

Check this interaction

Metyrosine

Moderate

DB00765

Zonisamide may increase the sedative activities of Metyrosine.

Check this interaction

Minocycline

Moderate

DB01017

Minocycline may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Mirtazapine

Moderate

DB00370

Zonisamide may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Mirtazapine.

Check this interaction

Nabilone

Moderate

DB00486

Nabilone may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Orphenadrine

Moderate

DB01173

Zonisamide may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Orphenadrine.

Check this interaction

Paraldehyde

Moderate

DB09117

Zonisamide may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Paraldehyde.

Check this interaction

Perampanel

Moderate

DB08883

Perampanel may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Pramipexole

Moderate

DB00413

Zonisamide may increase the sedative activities of Pramipexole.

Check this interaction

Ropinirole

Moderate

DB00268

Zonisamide may increase the sedative activities of Ropinirole.

Check this interaction

Rotigotine

Moderate

DB05271

Zonisamide may increase the sedative activities of Rotigotine.

Check this interaction

Rufinamide

Unknown severity

DB06201

The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Rufinamide is combined with Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Sodium oxybate

Moderate

DB09072

Zonisamide may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Sodium oxybate.

Check this interaction

Suvorexant

Moderate

DB09034

Zonisamide may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Suvorexant.

Check this interaction

Tapentadol

Moderate

DB06204

Tapentadol may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Thalidomide

Moderate

DB01041

Zonisamide may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Thalidomide.

Check this interaction

Zolpidem

Moderate

DB00425

Zonisamide may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Zolpidem.

Check this interaction

Dabrafenib

Unknown severity

DB08912

The serum concentration of Zonisamide can be decreased when it is combined with Dabrafenib.

Check this interaction

Everolimus

Unknown severity

DB01590

The serum concentration of Everolimus can be increased when it is combined with Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Rifaximin

Unknown severity

DB01220

The serum concentration of Rifaximin can be increased when it is combined with Zonisamide.

Check this interaction

Nicotine

Unknown severity

DB00184

The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zonisamide is combined with Nicotine.

Check this interaction

Mecamylamine

Unknown severity

DB00657

The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zonisamide is combined with Mecamylamine.

Check this interaction

Pentolinium

Unknown severity

DB01090

The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zonisamide is combined with Pentolinium.

Check this interaction

Trimethaphan

Unknown severity

DB01116

The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zonisamide is combined with Trimethaphan.

Check this interaction

Hexamethonium

Unknown severity

DB08960

The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zonisamide is combined with Hexamethonium.

Check this interaction

Cyclopentamine

Unknown severity

DB08999

The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Zonisamide is combined with Cyclopentamine.

Check this interaction

Luliconazole

Unknown severity

DB08933

The serum concentration of Zonisamide can be increased when it is combined with Luliconazole.

Check this interaction

Mefloquine

Moderate

DB00358

The therapeutic efficacy of Zonisamide can be decreased when used in combination with Mefloquine.

Check this interaction

Showing 50 of 2259 interactions

Food & lifestyle interactions

Avoid Alcohol

Avoid alcohol. Ingesting alcohol may increase drowsiness and dizziness.

Advice

Take with or without food.

Toxicity & overdose

Information on daily doses over 800 mg/day of zonisamide is limited. During clinical development, three patients ingested unknown amounts of zonisamide as suicide attempts, and all of them were hospitalized with central nervous system symptoms. One patient became comatose and developed bradycardia, hypotension, and respiratory depression; 31 hours after zonisamide ingestion, plasma level was 100.1 µg/mL.

Zonisamide plasma levels fell with a half-life of 57 hours, and the patient became alert five days later.
[L42530][L42535]
There are no specific antidotes for zonisamide overdosage. In case of a suspected recent overdose, emesis should be induced or gastric lavage performed with the usual precautions to protect the airway. General supportive care is indicated, including frequent monitoring of vital signs and close observation.
[L42530][L42535]
Due to its long half-life and low protein binding, renal dialysis may be effective in treating zonisamide overdose; however, the effectiveness of this procedure has not been formally studied.
[L42535]

In vivo studies found no evidence of carcinogenicity at zonisamide doses equivalent to or higher than the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD).

In an in vitro chromosomal aberration assay in CHL cells, zonisamide displayed mutagenicity. Signs of reproductive toxicity were also detected in rats treated with a dose 0.5 times the MRHD.
[L42530][L42535]

How it works

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action by which zonisamide controls seizures has not been fully established. However, its antiepileptic properties may be due to its effects on sodium and calcium channels.[L42530][L42535] Zonisamide blocks sodium channels and reduces voltage-dependent, transient inward currents, stabilizing neuronal membranes and suppressing neuronal hypersynchronization.[L42530][L42535] It affects T-type calcium currents, but has no effect on L-type calcium currents.[A1382][A1383][A1385]

Zonisamide suppresses synaptically-driven electrical activity by altering the synthesis, release, and degradation of neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]), and acetylcholine.[A1383][A1380] Furthermore, it binds to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor ionophore complex without producing changes in chloride flux.[L42530][L42535] In vitro studies have suggested that zonisamide does not affect postsynaptic GABA or glutamate responses, nor the neuronal or glial uptake of [³H]-GABA.

Pharmacodynamics

By stopping the spread of seizure discharges, zonisamide prevents the extensor component of tonic convulsion, restricts the spread of focal seizures and prevents the propagation of seizures from the cortex to subcortical structures.[A1383][A1384] In animal models, zonisamide was effective against tonic extension seizures but ineffective against clonic seizures. It also increased the threshold for generalized seizures and reduced the duration of cortical focal seizures.[L42530] Aside from its antiepileptic effects, zonisamide is capable of activating neuroprotective mechanisms. It inhibits nitric oxide synthase and reduces ischemia-induced memory impairment and lipid peroxidation.[A1383]

The use of zonisamide may lead to potentially fatal reactions. Severe reactions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, fulminant hepatic necrosis, agranulocytosis, and aplastic anemia have been reported in patients treated with sulfonamides such as zonisamide. Zonisamide may also lead to the development of serious hematological events, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and multi-organ hypersensitivity, acute myopia and secondary angle closure glaucoma, as well as suicidal behaviour and ideation.[L42530][L42535] Zonisamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, which may lead to metabolic acidosis in patients treated with this drug. Its therapeutic effects due to this pharmacological action are unknown.[L42530]

Pharmacokinetics

How the body processes this drug — absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination

Absorption

Between 200 and 400 mg, zonisamide follows a dose-proportional pharmacokinetic profile.
[L42530][L42535]
At concentrations higher than 800 mg, the C_max and AUC increase in a disproportional manner, possibly due to zonisamide binding red blood cells. In healthy volunteers given 200 to 400 mg of zonisamide orally, peak plasma concentrations (C_max) range between 2 and 5 µg/mL and are reached within 2–6 hours (T_max).
[L42530]
In healthy volunteers given 100 mg of zonisamide oral suspension, the T_max ranged from 0.5 to 5 hours.
[L42535]
Zonisamide has a high oral bioavailability (95%).
[A1383]
The T_max of zonisamide was delayed by food intake (4-6 hours); however, food has no effect on its bioavailability. Steady state is achieved 14 days after a stable dose is reached.
[L42530][L42535]

Half-life

In plasma, the elimination half-life of zonisamide is approximately 63 hours. In red blood cells, it is approximately 105 hours.
[L42530][L42535]

Protein binding

At concentrations between 1.0 and 7.0 μg/mL, zonisamide is approximately 40% bound to human plasma proteins.
[L42530][L42535]
The concentration of zonisamide is 8-fold higher in red blood cells than in plasma due to its ability to bind extensively to erythrocytes. The presence of therapeutic concentrations of phenytoin, phenobarbital, or carbamazepine does not affect zonisamide protein binding.
[L42530][L42535]

Volume of distribution

Following a 400 mg oral dose, zonisamide has an apparent volume of distribution (V/F) of 1.45 L/kg.
[L42530][L42535]

Metabolism

Zonisamide metabolites are generated mainly by principally reductive and conjugative mechanisms. Oxidation reactions play a minor role in the metabolism of zonisamide.
[A1383]
Zonisamide is metabolized by N-acetyl-transferases to form N-acetyl zonisamide and reduced to form the open ring metabolite, 2–sulfamoylacetylphenol (SMAP). The reduction of zonisamide to SMAP is mediated by CYP3A4.
[A1379][A1383][L42530][L42535]

Zonisamide does not induce liver enzymes or its own metabolism.
[A1379]

Route of elimination

Zonisamide is mainly excreted as the parent drug and the glucuronide of a metabolite. Urine is the main route of zonisamide excretion, and only a small portion of this drug is excreted in feces.
[A1379]
Following multiple doses of radiolabeled zonisamide, 62% of the dose was recovered in the urine, and 3% in feces by day 10. Of the excreted dose of zonisamide, 35% was recovered unchanged, 15% as N-acetyl zonisamide, and 50% as the glucuronide of 2–sulfamoylacetylphenol (SMAP).
[L42530][L42535]

Clearance

In patients not taking enzyme-inducing antiepilepsy drugs (AEDs), the plasma clearance of oral zonisamide is approximately 0.30-0.35 mL/min/kg. In patients treated with AEDs, this value increases to 0.5 mL/min/kg.
[L42530][L42535]
Renal clearance is approximately 3.5 mL/min after a single-dose of zonisamide.
[L42530][L42535]
In red blood cells, the clearance of an oral dose of zonisamide is 2 mL/min.
[L42530]

Drug targets(32)

Proteins and enzymes this drug interacts with in the body

Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha

BE0000141

SCN1A

inhibitor

Specific functionvoltage-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential

Cellular location

Cell membrane

General function & pharmacology

Pore-forming subunit of Nav1.1, a voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel that directly mediates the depolarizing phase of action potentials in excitable membranes. Navs, also called VGSCs (voltage-gated sodium channels) or VDSCs (voltage-dependent sodium channels), operate by switching between closed and open conformations depending on the voltage difference across the membrane. In the open conformation they allow Na(+) ions to selectively pass through the pore, along their electrochemical gradient.

The influx of Na(+) ions provokes membrane depolarization, initiating the propagation of electrical signals throughout cells and tissues .
PMID:14672992
By regulating the excitability of neurons, ensures that they respond appropriately to synaptic inputs, maintaining the balance between excitation and inhibition in brain neural circuits (By similarity). Nav1.1 plays a role in controlling the excitability and action potential propagation from somatosensory neurons, thereby contributing to the sensory perception of mechanically-induced pain (By similarity)

Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha

BE0002081

SCN2A

inhibitor

Specific functioncalmodulin binding

Cellular location

Cell membrane

General function & pharmacology

Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient .
PMID:1325650 PMID:17021166 PMID:28256214 PMID:29844171

Implicated in the regulation of hippocampal replay occurring within sharp wave ripples (SPW-R) important for memory (By similarity)

Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha

BE0002082

SCN3A

inhibitor

Specific functionvoltage-gated sodium channel activity

Cellular location

Cell membrane

General function & pharmacology

Pore-forming subunit of Nav1.3, a voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel that directly mediates the depolarizing phase of action potentials in excitable membranes. Navs, also called VGSCs (voltage-gated sodium channels) or VDSCs (voltage-dependent sodium channels), operate by switching between closed and open conformations depending on the voltage difference across the membrane. In the open conformation they allow Na(+) ions to selectively pass through the pore, along their electrochemical gradient.

The influx of Na+ ions provokes membrane depolarization, initiating the propagation of electrical signals throughout cells and tissues .
PMID:24157691 PMID:28235671 PMID:29466837 PMID:35277491

In some secretory cell types, it also participates in cell excitability through membrane depolarization and regulates cells responsiveness to stimuli triggering secretion. For instance, it controls the release of serotonin/5-hydroxytryptamine by enterochromaffin cells and is required for both glucagon- and glucose-induced insulin secretion in pancreatic endocrine cells (By similarity)

Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha

BE0002083

SCN4A

inhibitor

Specific functionvoltage-gated sodium channel activity

Cellular location

Cell membrane

General function & pharmacology

Pore-forming subunit of Nav1.4, a voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel that directly mediates the depolarizing phase of action potentials in excitable membranes. Navs, also called VGSCs (voltage-gated sodium channels) or VDSCs (voltage-dependent sodium channels), operate by switching between closed and open conformations depending on the voltage difference across the membrane. In the open conformation they allow Na(+) ions to selectively pass through the pore, along their electrochemical gradient.

The influx of Na+ ions provokes membrane depolarization, initiating the propagation of electrical signals throughout cells and tissues .
PMID:12766226 PMID:15318338 PMID:16890191 PMID:17898326 PMID:18690054 PMID:19347921 PMID:25707578 PMID:26659129 PMID:26700687 PMID:29992740 PMID:30190309

Highly expressed in skeletal muscles, Nav1.4 generates the action potential crucial for muscle contraction PMID:16890191 PMID:19347921 PMID:25707578 PMID:26659129 PMID:26700687

Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha

BE0000197

SCN5A

inhibitor

Specific functionankyrin binding

Cellular location

Cell membrane

General function & pharmacology

Pore-forming subunit of Nav1.5, a voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel that directly mediates the depolarizing phase of action potentials in excitable membranes. Navs, also called VGSCs (voltage-gated sodium channels) or VDSCs (voltage-dependent sodium channels), operate by switching between closed and open conformations depending on the voltage difference across the membrane. In the open conformation they allow Na(+) ions to selectively pass through the pore, along their electrochemical gradient.

The influx of Na(+) ions provokes membrane depolarization, initiating the propagation of electrical signals throughout cells and tissues .
PMID:1309946 PMID:21447824 PMID:23085483 PMID:23420830 PMID:25370050 PMID:26279430 PMID:26392562 PMID:26776555

Nav1.5 is the predominant sodium channel expressed in myocardial cells and it is responsible for the initial upstroke of the action potential in cardiac myocytes, thereby initiating the heartbeat .
PMID:11234013 PMID:11804990 PMID:12569159 PMID:1309946

Required for normal electrical conduction including formation of the infranodal ventricular conduction system and normal action potential configuration, as a result of its interaction with XIRP2 (By similarity)

Metabolizing enzymes(5)

Enzymes involved in drug metabolism — important for understanding drug interactions

Enzyme activity key

substrate

inhibitor

inducer

CYP3A4Cytochrome P450 3A4

substrate

CYP3A5Cytochrome P450 3A5

substrate

CYP2C19Cytochrome P450 2C19

substrate

inhibitor

UGT1A1UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1

substrate

AOX1Aldehyde oxidase

substrate

Transporters(1)

Proteins that transport this drug across cell membranes

ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1

BE0001032

ABCB1

inhibitor

Specific functionABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity

Cellular location

Cell membrane

General function & pharmacology

Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane .
PMID:2897240 PMID:35970996 PMID:8898203 PMID:9038218 PMID:35507548

Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins .
PMID:8898203
Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells PMID:2897240 PMID:35970996 PMID:9038218

Scientific references(6)

Leppik I.E.

Zonisamide: chemistry, mechanism of action, and pharmacokinetics.

Seizure

200413:S5-S9. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2004.04.016

PMID: 15511691 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2004.04.016

Ueda Y., Doi T., Tokumaru J., Willmore L.J.

Effect of zonisamide on molecular regulation of glutamate and GABA transporter proteins during epileptogenesis in rats with hippocampal seizures.

Molecular Brain Research

2003116(1-2):1-6. doi: 10.1016/s0169-328x(03)00183-9

PMID: 12941455 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(03)00183-9

Schulze-Bonhage A.

Zonisamide in the treatment of epilepsy.

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

2010 Jan11(1):115-26. doi: 10.1517/14656560903468728

PMID: 20001433 DOI: 10.1517/14656560903468728

Kothare S.V., Kaleyias J.

Zonisamide: review of pharmacology, clinical efficacy, tolerability, and safety.

Expert Opinion Drug Metabolism Toxicology

2008 Apr4(4):493-506. doi: 10.1517/17425255.4.4.493

PMID: 18433351 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.4.493

Peters D.H., Sorkin E.M.

Zonisamide.

Drugs

199345(5):760-787. doi: 10.2165/00003495-199345050-00010

PMID: 7686468 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-199345050-00010

Sobieszek G., Borowicz K.K., Kimber-Trojnar Z., Malek R., Piskorska B., Czuczwar S.J.

Interactions between zonisamide and conventional antiepileptic drugs in the mouse maximal electroshock test model.

European Neuropsychopharmacology

200717(4):265-272. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2006.06.008

PMID: 14704463 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2006.06.008

ATC classification(2 codes)

ATC N03AX15

ATC G01AE10

Affected organisms(1)

Humans and other mammals

International brands(2)

Experimental properties(4)

External resources(3)

RxList PDRhealth Drugs.com

Protein Data Bank entries(1)

3po7

Commercial products(163)

Chemical identifiers

CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references

Show

Linked compound data from DrugBank Open Data (CC BY-NC 4.0)

Zonisamide

DB00909

CAS number

68291-97-4

UNII (FDA)

459384H98V

InChI Key (molecular fingerprint)

UBQNRHZMVUUOMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Additional database identifiers

ChEBI

10127

PubChem Compound

5734

PubChem Substance

46505278

KEGG Compound

C07504

KEGG Drug

D00538

ChemSpider

5532

BindingDB

10888

PharmGKB

PA451978

PDB

ZON

Therapeutic Targets Database

DAP000500

Wikipedia

Zonisamide

ChEMBL

CHEMBL750

ZINC

ZINC000000004321

RxCUI

39998

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:10585

GenAtlas

SCN1A

GeneCards

SCN1A

GenBank Gene Database

AF225985

GenBank Protein Database

12642270

IUPHAR

578

Guide to Pharmacology

578

UniProtKB

P35498

UniProt Accession

SCN1A_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:10588

GenAtlas

SCN2A

GeneCards

SCN2A

GenBank Gene Database

M94055

GenBank Protein Database

457879

IUPHAR

579

Guide to Pharmacology

579

UniProtKB

Q99250

UniProt Accession

SCN2A_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:10590

GenAtlas

SCN3A

GeneCards

SCN3A

GenBank Gene Database

AJ251507

GenBank Protein Database

7414320

IUPHAR

580

Guide to Pharmacology

580

UniProtKB

Q9NY46

UniProt Accession

SCN3A_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:10591

GenAtlas

SCN4A

GeneCards

SCN4A

GenBank Gene Database

M81758

GenBank Protein Database

338213

IUPHAR

581

Guide to Pharmacology

581

UniProtKB

P35499

UniProt Accession

SCN4A_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:10593

GenAtlas

SCN5A

GeneCards

SCN5A

GenBank Gene Database

M77235

GenBank Protein Database

184039

IUPHAR

582

Guide to Pharmacology

582

UniProtKB

Q14524

UniProt Accession

SCN5A_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:10597

GenAtlas

SCN9A

GeneCards

SCN9A

GenBank Gene Database

X82835

GenBank Protein Database

758110

IUPHAR

584

Guide to Pharmacology

584

UniProtKB

Q15858

UniProt Accession

SCN9A_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:10583

GenAtlas

SCN11A

GeneCards

SCN11A

GenBank Gene Database

AF188679

GenBank Protein Database

6572950

IUPHAR

586

UniProtKB

Q9UI33

UniProt Accession

SCNBA_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:10586

GeneCards

SCN1B

GenBank Gene Database

L10338

GenBank Protein Database

307415

UniProtKB

Q07699

UniProt Accession

SCN1B_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:10589

GeneCards

SCN2B

GenBank Gene Database

AF007783

GenBank Protein Database

3309111

UniProtKB

O60939

UniProt Accession

SCN2B_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:20665

GeneCards

SCN3B

GenBank Gene Database

AJ243396

GenBank Protein Database

7160975

UniProtKB

Q9NY72

UniProt Accession

SCN3B_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:10592

GeneCards

SCN4B

GenBank Gene Database

AY149967

GenBank Protein Database

27465047

UniProtKB

Q8IWT1

UniProt Accession

SCN4B_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:1394

GenAtlas

CACNA1G

GenBank Gene Database

AF134986

GenBank Protein Database

6625659

IUPHAR

535

Guide to Pharmacology

535

UniProtKB

O43497

UniProt Accession

CAC1G_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:1395

GenAtlas

CACNA1H

GeneCards

CACNA1H

GenBank Gene Database

AF051946

GenBank Protein Database

14670397

IUPHAR

536

Guide to Pharmacology

536

UniProtKB

O95180

UniProt Accession

CAC1H_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:1396

GenAtlas

CACNA1I

GeneCards

CACNA1I

GenBank Gene Database

AF129133

GenBank Protein Database

5565888

IUPHAR

537

Guide to Pharmacology

537

UniProtKB

Q9P0X4

UniProt Accession

CAC1I_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:1368

GenAtlas

CA1

GeneCards

CA1

GenBank Gene Database

X05014

GenBank Protein Database

29600

Guide to Pharmacology

2597

UniProtKB

P00915

UniProt Accession

CAH1_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:1373

GenAtlas

CA2

GeneCards

CA2

GenBank Gene Database

M77181

GenBank Protein Database

179780

Guide to Pharmacology

3092

UniProtKB

P00918

UniProt Accession

CAH2_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:1374

GeneCards

CA3

GenBank Gene Database

AK313254

GenBank Protein Database

189053812

UniProtKB

P07451

UniProt Accession

CAH3_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:1375

GenAtlas

CA4

GeneCards

CA4

GenBank Gene Database

M83670

GenBank Protein Database

179791

Guide to Pharmacology

2599

UniProtKB

P22748

UniProt Accession

CAH4_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:1377

GeneCards

CA5A

GenBank Gene Database

L19297

GenBank Protein Database

306483

UniProtKB

P35218

UniProt Accession

CAH5A_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:1378

GeneCards

CA5B

GenBank Gene Database

AB021660

GenBank Protein Database

4587223

UniProtKB

Q9Y2D0

UniProt Accession

CAH5B_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:1380

GeneCards

CA6

UniProtKB

P23280

UniProt Accession

CAH6_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:1381

GeneCards

CA7

GenBank Gene Database

AY075019

GenBank Protein Database

28192445

Guide to Pharmacology

2749

UniProtKB

P43166

UniProt Accession

CAH7_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:1382

GeneCards

CA8

GenBank Gene Database

L04656

GenBank Protein Database

5069431

UniProtKB

P35219

UniProt Accession

CAH8_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:1383

GenAtlas

CA9

GeneCards

CA9

GenBank Gene Database

X66839

Guide to Pharmacology

3055

UniProtKB

Q16790

UniProt Accession

CAH9_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:1369

GeneCards

CA10

GenBank Gene Database

AB036836

GenBank Protein Database

9229883

UniProtKB

Q9NS85

UniProt Accession

CAH10_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:1370

GeneCards

CA11

GenBank Gene Database

AF067662

GenBank Protein Database

3283386

UniProtKB

O75493

UniProt Accession

CAH11_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:1371

GenAtlas

CA12

GeneCards

CA12

GenBank Gene Database

AF051882

GenBank Protein Database

2984693

Guide to Pharmacology

2747

UniProtKB

O43570

UniProt Accession

CAH12_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:14914

GeneCards

CA13

GenBank Gene Database

AK095314

GenBank Protein Database

21754549

UniProtKB

Q8N1Q1

UniProt Accession

CAH13_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:1372

GeneCards

CA14

GenBank Gene Database

AB025904

GenBank Protein Database

6009640

Guide to Pharmacology

2598

UniProtKB

Q9ULX7

UniProt Accession

CAH14_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:6834

GenAtlas

MAOB

GeneCards

MAOB

GenBank Gene Database

S62734

GenBank Protein Database

398415

Guide to Pharmacology

2490

UniProtKB

P27338

UniProt Accession

AOFB_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:6833

GenAtlas

MAOA

GeneCards

MAOA

GenBank Gene Database

M68840

GenBank Protein Database

187353

Guide to Pharmacology

2489

UniProtKB

P21397

UniProt Accession

AOFA_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:4075

GenAtlas

GABRA1

GeneCards

GABRA1

GenBank Gene Database

X13584

GenBank Protein Database

31631

IUPHAR

404

Guide to Pharmacology

404

UniProtKB

P14867

UniProt Accession

GBRA1_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:4076

GenAtlas

GABRA2

GeneCards

GABRA2

GenBank Gene Database

S62907

GenBank Protein Database

386422

IUPHAR

405

Guide to Pharmacology

405

UniProtKB

P47869

UniProt Accession

GBRA2_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:4077

GenAtlas

GABRA3

GeneCards

GABRA3

GenBank Gene Database

S62908

GenBank Protein Database

386424

IUPHAR

406

Guide to Pharmacology

406

UniProtKB

P34903

UniProt Accession

GBRA3_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:4079

GenAtlas

GABRA5

GeneCards

GABRA5

GenBank Gene Database

L08485

GenBank Protein Database

182916

IUPHAR

408

Guide to Pharmacology

408

UniProtKB

P31644

UniProt Accession

GBRA5_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:4086

GeneCards

GABRG1

GenBank Gene Database

AK122845

GenBank Protein Database

193783776

UniProtKB

Q8N1C3

UniProt Accession

GBRG1_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:4087

GeneCards

GABRG2

GenBank Gene Database

X15376

GenBank Protein Database

31637

UniProtKB

P18507

UniProt Accession

GBRG2_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:4088

GeneCards

GABRG3

GenBank Gene Database

S82769

GenBank Protein Database

1754749

UniProtKB

Q99928

UniProt Accession

GBRG3_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2637

GenAtlas

CYP3A4

GeneCards

CYP3A4

GenBank Gene Database

M18907

Guide to Pharmacology

1337

UniProtKB

P08684

UniProt Accession

CP3A4_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2638

GenAtlas

CYP3A5

GeneCards

CYP3A5

GenBank Gene Database

J04813

GenBank Protein Database

181346

Guide to Pharmacology

1338

UniProtKB

P20815

UniProt Accession

CP3A5_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2621

GeneCards

CYP2C19

GenBank Gene Database

M61854

GenBank Protein Database

181344

Guide to Pharmacology

1328

UniProtKB

P33261

UniProt Accession

CP2CJ_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:12530

GeneCards

UGT1A1

GenBank Gene Database

M57899

GenBank Protein Database

184473

Guide to Pharmacology

2990

UniProtKB

P22309

UniProt Accession

UD11_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:553

GeneCards

AOX1

GenBank Gene Database

L11005

GenBank Protein Database

438656

Guide to Pharmacology

3186

UniProtKB

Q06278

UniProt Accession

AOXA_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:40

GenAtlas

ABCB1

GeneCards

ABCB1

GenBank Gene Database

M14758

GenBank Protein Database

307180

Guide to Pharmacology

768

UniProtKB

P08183

UniProt Accession

MDR1_HUMAN

International reference pricing

6 formulations

Reference pricing from DrugBank. Prices are indicative and may not reflect current UK costs.

From $0.56/capsule

To $3.33/capsule

Zonisamide 25 mg capsule

$0.56/capsule

Zonegran 25 mg capsule

$0.94/capsule

Zonisamide 50 mg capsule

$1.12/capsule

Zonegran 50 mg capsule

$1.22/capsule

Zonisamide 100 mg capsule

$2.24/capsule

Source: DrugBank. Used under CC BY-NC 4.0 academic licence for non-commercial purposes.

Patent information

2 active patents

11478456

United States

Approved 25 Oct 2022 · Expires 18 Aug 2038

12y 4m

11529333

United States

Approved 20 Dec 2022 · Expires 18 Aug 2038

12y 4m

Source: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0. Patent data sourced from national patent offices. Expiry dates may not reflect extensions, regulatory exclusivity periods, or legal challenges.

DrugBank citations

If you use DrugBank data in your research, please cite the following publications:

Knox C., Wilson M., Klinger C.M., et al

DrugBank 6.

0: the DrugBank Knowledgebase for 2024

Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 552(D1):D1265-D1275

PMID: 37953279

Wishart D.S., Feunang Y.D., Guo A.C., et al

DrugBank 5.

0: a major update to the DrugBank database for 2018

Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Nov 846(D1):D1074-D1082

PMID: 29126136

Show earlier publications

Law V., Knox C., Djoumbou Y., et al

DrugBank 4.

0: shedding new light on drug metabolism

Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jan 142(1):D1091-7

PMID: 24203711

Knox C., Law V., Jewison T., et al

DrugBank 3.

0: a comprehensive resource for 'omics' research on drugs

Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan39(Database issue):D1035-41

PMID: 21059682

Wishart D.S., Knox C., Guo A.C., et al

DrugBank: a knowledgebase for drugs, drug actions and drug targets.

Nucleic Acids Research

2008 Jan36(Database issue):D901-6

PMID: 18048412

Wishart D.S., Knox C., Guo A.C., et al

DrugBank: a comprehensive resource for in silico drug discovery and exploration.

Nucleic Acids Research

2006 Jan 134(Database issue):D668-72

PMID: 16381955

Source: go.drugbank.comCC BY-NC 4.0

Updated 26 days ago(8 Mar 2026)

Back to medicines

Zonisamide 25mg/5ml oral suspension

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Zonisamide

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Zonisamide 25mg/5ml oral suspension

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Official medicine documents

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Pharmacokinetics at a glance

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Deep science38

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Zonisamide

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