Zinc acetate 50mg capsules
Requires a prescription from a doctor or prescriber
Shortage warning
Current supply issues
High shortage warning
Healthcare professionals should be aware of the potential for delayed onset of angioedema and the distinction between bradykinin- and histamine-mediated cases, as treatment strategies differ significantly and bradykinin-medi…
Affected areas: UK
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Suspected adverse reactions reported for Zinc acetate
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Suspected adverse reactions reported for Zinc acetate
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1 branded products available
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Wilzin 50mg capsules
This is the NHS Drug Tariff indicative price used for reimbursement purposes. It may not reflect the price paid by patients or pharmacies.
View full Drug TariffSource: NHS Drug Tariff via NHSBSA. Derived from dm+d VMPP (Virtual Medicinal Product Pack) pricing data. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
WHO defined daily dose (DDD)
150 mg
Not a recommended dose. The DDD is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults. It is a statistical measure used for research and comparison purposes only.
Source: WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, distributed via the NHS dm+d supplementary BNF/ATC mapping files (NHSBSA). Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Therapeutically similar medicines
Similarity is based on WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and on a factual NHS dm+d therapeutic-grouping code prefix. Source data: NHS dm+d via TRUD (OGL v3.0), WHO ATC/DDD Index.
NHS prescribing volume and spending trends
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Codes for healthcare professionals and prescribing systems
These codes are used by healthcare IT systems and prescribers to identify this medicine.
NHS UK identifiers
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SNOMED CT and dm+d codes from NHS TRUD (Technology Reference data Update Distribution), licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. BNF code shown is the factual mapping value distributed by NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA) in the dm+d supplementary file under OGL v3.0; it is not affiliated with, nor licensed from, the publishers of the British National Formulary. ATC codes from the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (whocc.no).
Active and completed clinical studies from ClinicalTrials.gov
Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Data accessed via ClinicalTrials.gov API v2. Trial information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.
Academic studies and reviews for this medicine's active substance
Showing all 30 studies.
Reviews & meta-analyses: 4 · Randomised trials: 1 · 2006–2026
Showing all 30 studies, sorted by most relevant.
H. Hemilä
JRSM Open, 2017
H. Hemilä, J. Fitzgerald, Edward J. Petrus, et al.
Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 2017
BACKGROUND: A previous meta-analysis of 3 zinc acetate lozenge trials estimated that colds were on average 40% shorter for the zinc groups. However, the duration of colds is a time outcome, and survival analysis may be a more informative approach. The objective of this individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis was to estimate the effect of zinc acetate lozenges on the rate of recovery from colds. METHODS: We analyzed IPD for 3 randomized placebo-controlled trials in which 80-92 mg/day of elemental zinc were administered as zinc acetate lozenges to 199 common cold patients. We used mixed-effects Cox regression to estimate the effect of zinc. RESULTS: Patients administered zinc lozenges recovered faster by rate ratio 3.1 (95% confidence interval, 2.1-4.7). The effect was not modified by age, sex, race, allergy, smoking, or baseline common cold severity. On the 5th day, 70% of the zinc patients had recovered compared with 27% of the placebo patients. Accordingly, 2.6 times more patients were cured in the zinc group. The difference also corresponds to the number needed to treat of 2.3 on the 5th day. None of the studies observed serious adverse effects of zinc. CONCLUSIONS: The 3-fold increase in the rate of recovery from the common cold is a clinically important effect. The optimal formulation of zinc lozenges and an ideal frequency of their administration should be examined. Given the evidence of efficacy, common cold patients may be instructed to try zinc acetate lozenges within 24 hours of onset of symptoms.
Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND
H. Hemilä, Edward J. Petrus, J. Fitzgerald, et al.
British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2016
- Common Cold
- Tablets
- Zinc Acetate
Nikkerdar N, Seyedi H, Mirzaeei S, et al.
2024
- Gagging
- Gels
- Lidocaine
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the effects of three mucoadhesive gels containing lidocaine, zinc acetate, and tannic acid on the gag reflex of dental patients. METHODS: This randomized double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 228 dental patients with gag reflex. The patients were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 57) of placebo, 2% lidocaine, 2% tannic acid, and 2% zinc acetate. The severity of the gag reflex of patients was initially scored by stimulating their soft and hard palate with a radiographic film using a 0-5 visual analog scale. After 5 min, mucoadhesive gels containing 2% lidocaine, zinc acetate, or tannic acid were applied on the hard and soft palate for 5-10 min, and the severity of the gag reflex was scored again. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and paired t-test for the single group comparison (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: The four groups had no significant difference in the baseline mean gag score (p = 0.05). The difference in the mean gag score was significant among the four groups after the intervention (p < 0.00), and the mean score in the experimental groups was significantly lower than that in the placebo group (p < 0.00). The difference in the mean gag score was not significant between the experimental groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The mucoadhesive gels containing 2% lidocaine, tannic acid, or zinc acetate significantly decreased the gag reflex in dental patients, with all three treatments showing comparable efficacy compared to the placebo. These findings suggest that each gel formulation is a viable alternative for managing the gag reflex during dental procedures.
Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND
A. Maldonado, S. Tirado-Guerra, M. Meléndez-Lira, et al.
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2006
Suvindraj Rajamanickam, S. M. Mohammad, Z. Hassan
Colloid and Interface Science Communications, 2020
A. Yaqub, Muhammad Anis Uddin Nasir, Muhammad Kamran, et al.
Biological Trace Element Research, 2023
- Zinc Oxide
- Cichlids
- Metal Nanoparticles
M. Ahangar, M. Izadi, T. Shahrabi, et al.
Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2020
Xu Liu, Qigang Han, Qingxin Ma, et al.
Small, 2022
- Esters
- Zinc
- Acetates
Sources: aggregated from Europe PMC (EMBL-EBI), OpenAlex, Crossref, PubMed and other open scholarly databases. Retracted articles are excluded. Study information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.
Pharmacology and chemical data from DrugBank
Key facts
Drug status
Approved
Major interactions
None known
Half-life
280 days
Mechanism
Zinc has three primary biological roles: catalytic, structural, and regulatory.
Food interactions
3 warnings
Human targets
124 targets
Data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Pharmacokinetics at a glance
Absorption
60-70%
[L2092]…
Half-life
280 days
[L2091]
Protein binding
60-70%
Volume of distribution
72 hours
Metabolism
0.1%
Elimination
6-day
[L2092]…
Clearance
0.39 μg/m
[L2101]
Pharmacokinetic data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
[L2172]
Known interactions with other medications. Always consult a healthcare professional.
Showing 50 of 62 interactions
[L1887]
The LD50 values of several zinc compounds (ranging from 186 to 623 mg zinc/kg/day) have been measured in rats and mice .
[L2099]
Zinc promotes resistance to epithelial apoptosis through cell protection (cytoprotection) against reactive oxygen species and bacterial toxins, likely through the antioxidant activity of the cysteine-rich metallothioneins [A32419].
In HL-60 cells (promyelocytic leukemia cell line), zinc enhances the up-regulation of A20 mRNA, which, via TRAF pathway, decreases NF-kappaB activation, leading to decreased gene expression and generation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-1beta, and IL-8 [A32418].
There are several mechanisms of action of zinc on acute diarrhea. Various mechanisms are specific to the gastrointestinal system: zinc restores mucosal barrier integrity and enterocyte brush-border enzyme activity, it promotes the production of antibodies and circulating lymphocytes against intestinal pathogens, and has a direct effect on ion channels, acting as a potassium channel blocker of adenosine 3-5-cyclic monophosphate-mediated chlorine secretion. Cochrane researchers examined the evidence available up to 30 September 2016 [L2106].
Zinc deficiency in humans decreases the activity of serum thymulin (a hormone of the thymus), which is necessary for the maturation of T-helper cells. T-helper 1 (Th(1)) cytokines are decreased but T-helper 2 (Th(2)) cytokines are not affected by zinc deficiency in humans [A32417].
The change of Th(1) to Th(2) function leads to cell-mediated immune dysfunction. Because IL-2 production (Th(1) cytokine) is decreased, this causes decreased activity of natural-killer-cell (NK cell) and T cytolytic cells, normally involved in killing viruses, bacteria, and malignant cells [A32417].
In humans, zinc deficiency may lead to the generation of new CD4+ T cells, produced in the thymus. In cell culture studies (HUT-78, a Th(0) human malignant lymphoblastoid cell line), as a result of zinc deficiency, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation, phosphorylation of IkappaB, and binding of NF-kappaB to DNA are decreased and this results in decreased Th(1) cytokine production [A32417].
In another study, zinc supplementation in human subjects suppressed the gene expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased oxidative stress markers [A32417]. In HL-60 cells (a human pro-myelocytic leukemia cell line), zinc deficiency increased the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-8 cytokines and mRNA. In such cells, zinc was found to induce A20, a zinc finger protein that inhibited NF-kappaB activation by the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor pathway. This process decreased gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers [A32417].
The exact mechanism of zinc in acne treatment is poorly understood. However, zinc is considered to act directly on microbial inflammatory equilibrium and facilitate antibiotic absorption when used in combination with other agents. Topical zinc alone as well as in combination with other agents may be efficacious because of its anti-inflammatory activity and ability to reduce P. acnes bacteria by the inhibition of P. acnes lipases and free fatty acid levels [L2102].
Studies on oral zinc for specific conditions shows the following evidence in various conditions [L2095]:
Colds: Evidence suggests that if zinc lozenges or syrup are taken within 24 hours after cold symptoms start, the supplement may shorten the length of colds. The use intranasal zinc has been associated with the loss of the sense of smell, in some cases long-term or permanently [L2095].
Wound healing: Patients with skin ulcers and decreased levels of zinc may benefit from oral zinc supplements [L2095].
Diahrrea: Oral zinc supplements can reduce the symptoms of diarrhea in children with low levels of zinc, especially in cases of malnutrition [L2095].
How the body processes this drug — absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
[L2092]
Under regular physiologic conditions, transport processes of uptake do not saturate. The exact amount of zinc absorbed is difficult to determine because zinc is secreted into the gut. Zinc administered in aqueous solutions to fasting subjects is absorbed quite efficiently (at a rate of 60-70%), however, absorption from solid diets is less efficient and varies greatly, dependent on zinc content and diet composition .
[L2092]
Generally, 33% is considered to be the average zinc absorption in humans .
[L2092]
More recent studies have determined different absorption rates for various populations based on their type of diet and phytate to zinc molar ratio.
Zinc absorption is concentration-dependent and increases linearly with dietary zinc up to a maximum rate .
[L2092]
Additionally zinc status may influence zinc absorption. Zinc-deprived humans absorb this element with increased efficiency, whereas humans on a high-zinc diet show a reduced efficiency of absorption .
[L2092]
[L2091]
[L2092][L2211]
[A32466]
[L2092]
Selected transport proteins may facilitate the passage of zinc across the cell membrane into the hepatic circulation. With high intake, zinc may also be absorbed through a passive paracellular route .
[L2092]
The portal system carries absorbed zinc directly into the hepatic circulation, and then it is released into systemic circulation for delivery to various tissues.
Although, serum zinc represents only 0.1% of the whole body zinc, the circulating zinc turns over rapidly to meet tissue needs .
[L2092]
[L2092]
Considerable amounts of zinc are secreted through both biliary and intestinal secretions, however most is reabsorbed. This is an important process in the regulation of zinc balance. Other routes of zinc excretion include both urine and surface losses (sloughed skin, hair, sweat) .
[L2092]
Zinc has been shown to induce intestinal metallothionein, which combines zinc and copper in the intestine and prevents their serosal surface transfer.
Intestinal cells are sloughed with approximately a 6-day turnover, and the metallothionein-bound copper and zinc are lost in the stool and are thus not absorbed .
[L2103]
Measurements in humans of endogenous intestinal zinc have primarily been made as fecal excretion; this suggests that the amounts excreted are responsive to zinc intake, absorbed zinc and physiologic need .
[L2092]
In one study, elimination kinetics in rats showed that a small amount of ZnO nanoparticles was excreted via the urine, however, most of the nanoparticles were excreted via the feces .
[L2100]
[L2101]
Proteins and enzymes this drug interacts with in the body
PMID:14766013
In addition, may also function as scaffolding protein (By similarity)
PMID:26593721 PMID:26651998 PMID:36123449 PMID:36264623 PMID:36638793
Base pairing between the mRNA codon and the aa-tRNA anticodon promotes GTP hydrolysis, releasing the aa-tRNA from EEF1A1 and allowing its accommodation into the ribosome .
PMID:26593721 PMID:26651998 PMID:36123449 PMID:36264623 PMID:36638793
The growing protein chain is subsequently transferred from the P-site peptidyl tRNA to the A-site aa-tRNA, extending it by one amino acid through ribosome-catalyzed peptide bond formation .
PMID:26593721 PMID:26651998 PMID:36123449 PMID:36264623
Also plays a role in the positive regulation of IFNG transcription in T-helper 1 cells as part of an IFNG promoter-binding complex with TXK and PARP1 .
PMID:17177976
Also plays a role in cytoskeleton organization by promoting actin bundling (By similarity)
PMID:1369209 PMID:29775581
In addition to glycolysis, involved in various processes such as growth control, hypoxia tolerance and allergic responses .
PMID:10802057 PMID:12666133 PMID:2005901 PMID:29775581
May also function in the intravascular and pericellular fibrinolytic system due to its ability to serve as a receptor and activator of plasminogen on the cell surface of several cell-types such as leukocytes and neurons .
PMID:12666133
Stimulates immunoglobulin production PMID:1369209
Enzymes involved in drug metabolism — important for understanding drug interactions
ATC C05AX04
ATC A16AX05
Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
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Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
Linked compound data from DrugBank Open Data (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Zinc acetate
Additional database identifiers
Drugs Product Database (DPD)
6353
Drugs Product Database (DPD)
331
ChemSpider
10719
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1029
GeneCards
BDKRB1
Guide to Pharmacology
41
UniProt Accession
BKRB1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:7059
GenAtlas
MGMT
GeneCards
MGMT
GenBank Gene Database
X54228
GenBank Protein Database
34559
UniProt Accession
MGMT_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:414
GenAtlas
ALDOA
GeneCards
ALDOA
GenBank Gene Database
M11560
GenBank Protein Database
178351
UniProt Accession
ALDOA_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:3189
GeneCards
EEF1A1
UniProt Accession
EF1A1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:3350
GeneCards
ENO1
UniProt Accession
ENOA_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:24864
GenAtlas
GAPDHS
GeneCards
GAPDHS
GenBank Gene Database
AJ005371
GenBank Protein Database
3046742
UniProt Accession
G3PT_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:7849
GenAtlas
NME1
GeneCards
NME1
GenBank Gene Database
X75598
UniProt Accession
NDKA_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8548
GenAtlas
P4HB
GeneCards
P4HB
GenBank Gene Database
X05130
UniProt Accession
PDIA1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:4606
GeneCards
PDIA3
Guide to Pharmacology
3293
UniProt Accession
PDIA3_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:9352
GeneCards
PRDX1
UniProt Accession
PRDX1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:9577
GeneCards
PSPH
UniProt Accession
SERB_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:12009
GeneCards
TPI1
GenBank Gene Database
M10036
GenBank Protein Database
339841
UniProt Accession
TPIS_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:12420
GeneCards
TUFM
UniProt Accession
EFTU_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:3467
GenAtlas
ESR1
GeneCards
ESR1
GenBank Gene Database
X03635
GenBank Protein Database
31234
Guide to Pharmacology
620
UniProt Accession
ESR1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6011
GenAtlas
IL3
GeneCards
IL3
GenBank Gene Database
M14743
GenBank Protein Database
307059
UniProt Accession
IL3_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:7406
GeneCards
MT2A
UniProt Accession
MT2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1613
GeneCards
CCS
UniProt Accession
CCS_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:4852
GenAtlas
HDAC1
GeneCards
HDAC1
GenBank Gene Database
U50079
GenBank Protein Database
1277084
Guide to Pharmacology
2658
UniProt Accession
HDAC1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:14063
GenAtlas
HDAC4
GeneCards
HDAC4
GenBank Gene Database
AF132607
Guide to Pharmacology
2659
UniProt Accession
HDAC4_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:7211
GeneCards
MPG
UniProt Accession
3MG_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10742
GeneCards
SEMG1
UniProt Accession
SEMG1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:11179
GenAtlas
SOD1
GeneCards
SOD1
GenBank Gene Database
L44139
UniProt Accession
SODC_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:13315
GenAtlas
HDAC8
GeneCards
HDAC8
GenBank Gene Database
AF230097
GenBank Protein Database
8118721
Guide to Pharmacology
2619
UniProt Accession
HDAC8_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:17712
GeneCards
SIVA1
UniProt Accession
SIVA_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:4326
GenAtlas
GLRA1
GeneCards
GLRA1
GenBank Gene Database
X52009
GenBank Protein Database
31851
Guide to Pharmacology
423
UniProt Accession
GLRA1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6973
GenAtlas
MDM2
GeneCards
MDM2
GenBank Gene Database
M92424
GenBank Protein Database
338309
Guide to Pharmacology
3136
UniProt Accession
MDM2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6081
GenAtlas
INS
GeneCards
INS
GenBank Gene Database
AJ009655
UniProt Accession
INS_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:12635
GeneCards
UTRN
UniProt Accession
UTRN_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:756
GenAtlas
ASPA
GeneCards
ASPA
GenBank Gene Database
S67156
GenBank Protein Database
455834
UniProt Accession
ACY2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10498
GeneCards
S100A8
UniProt Accession
S10A8_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10499
GeneCards
S100A9
UniProt Accession
S10A9_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:7176
GenAtlas
MMP9
GeneCards
MMP9
GenBank Gene Database
J05070
GenBank Protein Database
177205
Guide to Pharmacology
1633
UniProt Accession
MMP9_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:12003
GeneCards
TP73
UniProt Accession
P73_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10492
GeneCards
S100A2
GenBank Gene Database
M87068
UniProt Accession
S10A2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:11998
GenAtlas
TP53
GeneCards
TP53
GenBank Gene Database
X02469
UniProt Accession
P53_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:7408
GeneCards
MT3
UniProt Accession
MT3_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8765
GeneCards
PDCD6
UniProt Accession
PDCD6_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:26780
GeneCards
DAND5
UniProt Accession
DAND5_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:7393
GeneCards
MT1A
UniProt Accession
MT1A_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:5
GeneCards
A1BG
UniProt Accession
A1BG_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:7
GenAtlas
A2M
GeneCards
A2M
GenBank Gene Database
M11313
GenBank Protein Database
177870
UniProt Accession
A2MG_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:333
GenAtlas
AGT
GeneCards
AGT
GenBank Gene Database
K02215
GenBank Protein Database
178640
UniProt Accession
ANGT_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:349
GeneCards
AHSG
UniProt Accession
FETUA_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:584
GenAtlas
APCS
GeneCards
APCS
GenBank Gene Database
D00097
GenBank Protein Database
220068
Guide to Pharmacology
2839
UniProt Accession
SAMP_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:600
GenAtlas
APOA1
GeneCards
APOA1
GenBank Gene Database
BC110286
UniProt Accession
APOA1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:601
GenAtlas
APOA2
GeneCards
APOA2
GenBank Gene Database
X00955
GenBank Protein Database
28748
UniProt Accession
APOA2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:602
GeneCards
APOA4
UniProt Accession
APOA4_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:24087
GeneCards
APOBR
UniProt Accession
APOBR_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:613
GenAtlas
APOE
GeneCards
APOE
GenBank Gene Database
M12529
GenBank Protein Database
178849
UniProt Accession
APOE_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:618
GeneCards
APOL1
UniProt Accession
APOL1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1242
GenAtlas
C1QB
GeneCards
C1QB
GenBank Gene Database
X03084
GenBank Protein Database
573114
UniProt Accession
C1QB_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1245
GenAtlas
C1QC
GeneCards
C1QC
GenBank Gene Database
AF087892
GenBank Protein Database
33150626
UniProt Accession
C1QC_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1246
GenAtlas
C1R
GeneCards
C1R
GenBank Gene Database
X04701
GenBank Protein Database
29539
Guide to Pharmacology
2334
UniProt Accession
C1R_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1247
GenAtlas
C1S
GeneCards
C1S
GenBank Gene Database
X06596
GenBank Protein Database
763110
Guide to Pharmacology
2335
UniProt Accession
C1S_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1318
GenAtlas
C3
GeneCards
C3
GenBank Gene Database
AY513239
UniProt Accession
CO3_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:42398
GeneCards
C4B_2
UniProt Accession
CO4B_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1325
GeneCards
C4BPA
UniProt Accession
C4BPA_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1328
GeneCards
C4BPB
UniProt Accession
C4BPB_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1331
GenAtlas
C5
GeneCards
C5
GenBank Gene Database
M57729
GenBank Protein Database
179983
UniProt Accession
CO5_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:24185
GeneCards
BRCC3
UniProt Accession
BRCC3_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1352
GeneCards
C8A
UniProt Accession
CO8A_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1353
GeneCards
C8B
UniProt Accession
CO8B_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1354
GenAtlas
C8G
GeneCards
C8G
GenBank Gene Database
M17263
UniProt Accession
CO8G_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1037
GenAtlas
CFB
GeneCards
CFB
GenBank Gene Database
X72875
GenBank Protein Database
297569
Guide to Pharmacology
2339
UniProt Accession
CFAB_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:4883
GeneCards
CFH
UniProt Accession
CFAH_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:5394
GeneCards
CFI
UniProt Accession
CFAI_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2095
GeneCards
CLU
Guide to Pharmacology
3195
UniProt Accession
CLUS_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2295
GenAtlas
CP
GeneCards
CP
GenBank Gene Database
M13699
GenBank Protein Database
180256
UniProt Accession
CERU_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2312
GenAtlas
CPN1
GeneCards
CPN1
GenBank Gene Database
BC027897
Guide to Pharmacology
1597
UniProt Accession
CBPN_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2313
GenAtlas
CPN2
GeneCards
CPN2
GenBank Gene Database
BC042334
UniProt Accession
CPN2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:14669
GeneCards
DCD
UniProt Accession
DCD_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:3052
GeneCards
DSP
UniProt Accession
DESP_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:3530
GeneCards
F12
Guide to Pharmacology
2361
UniProt Accession
FA12_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:3534
GeneCards
F13B
UniProt Accession
F13B_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:3535
GenAtlas
F2
GeneCards
F2
GenBank Gene Database
M17262
GenBank Protein Database
339641
Guide to Pharmacology
2362
UniProt Accession
THRB_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:3625
GeneCards
FCN3
UniProt Accession
FCN3_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:3661
GenAtlas
FGA
GeneCards
FGA
GenBank Gene Database
AF361104
GenBank Protein Database
13591824
UniProt Accession
FIBA_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:3778
GenAtlas
FN1
GeneCards
FN1
GenBank Gene Database
AJ276395
GenBank Protein Database
12053817
UniProt Accession
FINC_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:4620
GeneCards
GSN
GenBank Gene Database
X04412
GenBank Protein Database
736249
UniProt Accession
GELS_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:4824
GenAtlas
HBA1
GeneCards
HBA2
GenBank Gene Database
J00153
GenBank Protein Database
386764
UniProt Accession
HBA_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:4827
GenAtlas
HBB
GeneCards
HBB
GenBank Gene Database
U01317
GenBank Protein Database
455997
UniProt Accession
HBB_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:5156
GeneCards
HPR
UniProt Accession
HPTR_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:20846
GeneCards
HRNR
UniProt Accession
HORN_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:5468
GeneCards
IGFALS
UniProt Accession
ALS_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:5478
GeneCards
IGHA1
UniProt Accession
IGHA1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:5541
GeneCards
IGHM
UniProt Accession
IGHM_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:5733
GeneCards
IGKV1-17
UniProt Accession
KV117_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:5817
GeneCards
IGKV3-20
UniProt Accession
KV320_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:5905
GeneCards
IGLV3-21
UniProt Accession
LV321_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6166
GeneCards
ITIH1
UniProt Accession
ITIH1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6167
GeneCards
ITIH2
UniProt Accession
ITIH2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6168
GeneCards
ITIH3
UniProt Accession
ITIH3_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6169
GeneCards
ITIH4
UniProt Accession
ITIH4_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:5713
GeneCards
JCHAIN
UniProt Accession
IGJ_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6207
GeneCards
JUP
UniProt Accession
PLAK_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6371
GenAtlas
KLKB1
GeneCards
KLKB1
GenBank Gene Database
M13143
Guide to Pharmacology
2379
UniProt Accession
KLKB1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6383
GenAtlas
KNG1
GeneCards
KNG1
GenBank Gene Database
K02566
GenBank Protein Database
177890
UniProt Accession
KNG1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6412
GeneCards
KRT1
UniProt Accession
K2C1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6413
GeneCards
KRT10
UniProt Accession
K1C10_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6416
GeneCards
KRT14
UniProt Accession
K1C14_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6423
GeneCards
KRT16
UniProt Accession
K1C16_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6439
GeneCards
KRT2
UniProt Accession
K22E_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6442
GeneCards
KRT5
UniProt Accession
K2C5_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6443
GeneCards
KRT6A
UniProt Accession
K2C6A_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6447
GeneCards
KRT9
UniProt Accession
K1C9_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8499
GeneCards
ORM2
GenBank Gene Database
BC015964
GenBank Protein Database
16359000
UniProt Accession
A1AG2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:30013
GeneCards
PGLYRP2
UniProt Accession
PGRP2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:9204
GenAtlas
PON1
GeneCards
PON1
GenBank Gene Database
M63012
GenBank Protein Database
190192
UniProt Accession
PON1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:9750
GeneCards
PZP
UniProt Accession
PZP_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10497
GeneCards
S100A7
GenBank Gene Database
M86757
GenBank Protein Database
190668
UniProt Accession
S10A7_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10751
GeneCards
SELENOP
UniProt Accession
SEPP1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8941
GenAtlas
SERPINA1
GeneCards
SERPINA1
GenBank Gene Database
K01396
GenBank Protein Database
177829
UniProt Accession
A1AT_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:16
GeneCards
SERPINA3
UniProt Accession
AACT_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8948
GeneCards
SERPINA4
UniProt Accession
KAIN_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1540
GenAtlas
SERPINA6
GeneCards
SERPINA6
GenBank Gene Database
J02943
GenBank Protein Database
179971
UniProt Accession
CBG_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:4838
GenAtlas
SERPIND1
GeneCards
SERPIND1
GenBank Gene Database
M12849
GenBank Protein Database
183910
UniProt Accession
HEP2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10839
GenAtlas
SHBG
GeneCards
SHBG
GenBank Gene Database
X16349
GenBank Protein Database
296673
UniProt Accession
SHBG_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:11740
GenAtlas
TF
GeneCards
TF
GenBank Gene Database
M12530
GenBank Protein Database
339453
UniProt Accession
TRFE_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:12405
GenAtlas
TTR
GeneCards
TTR
GenBank Gene Database
K02091
GenBank Protein Database
189582
Guide to Pharmacology
2851
UniProt Accession
TTHY_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:12724
GenAtlas
VTN
GeneCards
VTN
GenBank Gene Database
X03168
GenBank Protein Database
36575
UniProt Accession
VTNC_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:597
GeneCards
APLP1
UniProt Accession
APLP1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:598
GeneCards
APLP2
UniProt Accession
APLP2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:620
GenAtlas
APP
GeneCards
APP
GenBank Gene Database
X06989
UniProt Accession
A4_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:270
GenAtlas
PARP1
GeneCards
PARP1
GenBank Gene Database
X16674
GenBank Protein Database
1017423
Guide to Pharmacology
2771
UniProt Accession
PARP1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1368
GenAtlas
CA1
GeneCards
CA1
GenBank Gene Database
X05014
GenBank Protein Database
29600
Guide to Pharmacology
2597
UniProt Accession
CAH1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2303
GenAtlas
CPE
GeneCards
CPE
GenBank Gene Database
X51405
GenBank Protein Database
29667
UniProt Accession
CBPE_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:251
GenAtlas
ADH1C
GeneCards
ADH1C
GenBank Gene Database
X04299
GenBank Protein Database
28404
UniProt Accession
ADH1G_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:5381
GenAtlas
IDE
GeneCards
IDE
GenBank Gene Database
M21188
GenBank Protein Database
184556
Guide to Pharmacology
2371
UniProt Accession
IDE_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:11179
GenAtlas
SOD1
GeneCards
SOD1
GenBank Gene Database
L44139
UniProt Accession
SODC_HUMAN
DrugBank citations
If you use DrugBank data in your research, please cite the following publications:
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Structured knowledge from the free knowledge base
Molecular structure
ATC classifications (Wikidata)
Linked open data from Wikidata (Q204639), a free and open knowledge base operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Data is available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication. Molecular structure images from Wikimedia Commons.