Verapamil 30mg/5ml oral solution
Requires a prescription from a doctor or prescriber
Nitrates, calcium-channel blockers, and other antianginal drugs
Genetic variations that may affect drug response
1 known genetic variation may influence how your body responds to Verapamil 30mg/5ml oral solution.Gene involved: ADRB1
These are known genetic variations. They don't mean the medicine won't work for you — speak to your doctor or a pharmacogenomics specialist for personalised advice. Source: DrugBank (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Official documents, adverse reaction reporting, and safety monitoring
Report a side effect
Submit a Yellow Card report to the MHRA
Official medicine documents
Safety monitoring data
Yellow Card reports
The MHRA Yellow Card scheme collects reports of suspected side effects from healthcare professionals and patients. View the Drug Analysis Profile (iDAP) for real-world adverse reaction data.
View Drug Analysis Profile
Suspected adverse reactions reported for Verapamil
Browse all iDAP reports
Interactive Drug Analysis Profiles for all medicines
Report a side effect
Submit a Yellow Card report to the MHRA
Data from the MHRA Yellow Card scheme. A reported reaction does not necessarily mean the medicine caused it. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
EudraVigilance
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) collects suspected adverse reaction reports from across the EU/EEA through the EudraVigilance system. Search for safety data on this medicine.
View EudraVigilance report
Suspected adverse reactions reported for Verapamil
About EudraVigilance
Learn about EU pharmacovigilance and safety monitoring
EudraVigilance data is published by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). A suspected adverse reaction is not necessarily caused by the medicine.
1 branded products available
Part of the Cordilox brand family (generic: Verapamil)
MHRA licensed products
View all licensed products for Verapamil on the MHRA register
WHO defined daily dose (DDD)
240 mg
Not a recommended dose. The DDD is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults. It is a statistical measure used for research and comparison purposes only.
Source: WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, distributed via NHS dm+d BNF mapping files. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Therapeutically similar medicines
Similarity based on WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and NHS BNF section grouping. Source data: NHS dm+d via TRUD (OGL v3.0), WHO ATC/DDD Index.
NHS prescribing volume and spending trends
Clinical guidelines and formulary information
British National Formulary
Verapamil
Source: British National Formulary, NICE. Joint Formulary Committee. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
NICE clinical guidance(9)
Headaches in over 12s: diagnosis and management (CG150)
Implantation of a sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation device for chronic cluster headache (HTG378)
Transcutaneous stimulation of the cervical branch of the vagus nerve for cluster headache and migraine (HTG408)
gammaCore for cluster headache (HTG533)
Atrial fibrillation: diagnosis and management (NG196)
Dabigatran etexilate for the treatment and secondary prevention of deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism (TA327)
Acute coronary syndromes (NG185)
Chronic heart failure in adults: diagnosis and management (NG106)
Mavacamten for treating symptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (TA913)
Source: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Check stock at pharmacies and supply information
Pharmacy stock checkers
Search for this medicine at major UK pharmacy chains. These links open the retailer's own website — results depend on their current online catalogue.
Supply & product information
Official product databases and supply status monitoring
Pharmacy links redirect to the retailer's own search and do not represent real-time stock levels. emc (electronic medicines compendium) is operated by Datapharm Ltd. Shortage information sourced from NHS Specialist Pharmacy Service (SPS), sps.nhs.uk.
Codes for healthcare professionals and prescribing systems
These codes are used by healthcare IT systems and prescribers to identify this medicine.
NHS UK identifiers
Browse tools
SNOMED CT and dm+d codes from NHS TRUD (Technology Reference data Update Distribution), licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. BNF codes from NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA). ATC codes from the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (whocc.no).
Active and completed clinical studies from ClinicalTrials.gov
Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Data accessed via ClinicalTrials.gov API v2. Trial information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.
Pharmacology and chemical data from DrugBank
Key facts
Drug status
Approved
Major interactions
42 found
Half-life
2.8 to 7.4 hours
Mechanism
Verapamil inhibits L-type calcium channels by binding to a specific area of their alpha-1 subunit,[L10478]Cav1.
Food interactions
3 warnings
Human targets
13 targets
Data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Pharmacokinetics at a glance
Absorption
90%
Half-life
2.8 to 7.4 hours
Protein binding
94%
Volume of distribution
300L
[A13983]
Metabolism
80%
Elimination
70%
Clearance
3 weeks
[A188435]…
Pharmacokinetic data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
[L8791]
Given intravenously, it is indicated for the treatment of various supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, including rapid conversion to sinus rhythm in patients with supraventricular tachycardia and for temporary control of ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.
[L10481]
Verapamil is commonly used off-label for prophylaxis of cluster headaches.
[A13983]
Known interactions with other medications. Always consult a healthcare professional.
Showing 50 of 2104 interactions
[L10523]
The oral LD50 is 150 mg/kg in rats and 163 mg/kg in mice.
[L10523]
As there is no antidote for verapamil overdosage, treatment is largely supportive. Symptoms of overdose are generally consistent with verapamil's adverse effect profile (i.e. hypotension, bradycardia, arrhythmia) but instances of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema have been observed following ingestion of large overdoses (up to 9 grams).
[L10478]
In acute overdosage, consider the use of gastrointestinal decontamination with cathartics and/or bowel irrigation. Patients presenting with significant myocardial depression may require intravenous calcium, atropine, vasopressors, or other inotropes.
Consider the formulation responsible for the overdose prior to treatment - sustained-release formulations may result in delayed pharmacodynamic effects, and these patients should be monitored closely for at least 48 hours following ingestion.
[L10478]
Verapamil's mechanism of action in the treatment of angina and hypertension is likely due to the mechanism described above. Inhibition of calcium influx prevents the contraction of vascular smooth muscle, causing relaxation/dilation of blood vessels throughout the peripheral circulation - this lowers systemic vascular resistance (i.e. afterload) and thus blood pressure. This reduction in vascular resistance also reduces the force against which the heart must push, decreasing myocardial energy consumption and oxygen requirements and thus alleviating angina.[L8791]
Electrical activity through the AV node is responsible for determining heart rate, and this activity is dependent upon calcium influx through L-type calcium channels. By inhibiting these channels and decreasing the influx of calcium, verapamil prolongs the refractory period of the AV node and slows conduction, thereby slowing and controlling the heart rate in patients with arrhythmia.[L8791]
Verapamil's mechanism of action in the treatment of cluster headaches is unclear, but is thought to result from an effect on other calcium channels (e.g. N-, P-, Q-, or T-type).[A13983]
Verapamil is known to interact with other targets, including other calcium channels,[A188490][A13984][A188502][A15331] potassium channels,[A188496][A13985][A13983] and adrenergic receptors.[A20291][A31755]
How the body processes this drug — absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
[L8791]
Absorption kinetic parameters are largely dependent on the specific formulation of verapamil involved. Immediate-release verapamil reaches peak plasma concentrations (i.e. Tmax) between 1-2 hours following administration,[L8791] whereas sustained-release formulations tend to have a Tmax between 6 - 11 hours.
[L10478][L10637]
AUC and Cmax values are similarly dependent upon formulation.
Chronic administration of immediate-release verapamil every 6 hours resulted in plasma concentrations between 125 and 400 ng/mL.
[L8791]
Steady-state AUC0-24h and Cmax values for a sustained-release formulation were 1037 ng∙h/ml and 77.8 ng/mL for the R-isomer and 195 ng∙h/ml and 16.8 ng/mL for the S-isomer, respectively.
[L10478]
Interestingly, the absorption kinetics of verapamil are highly stereospecific - following oral administration of immediate-release verapamil every 8 hours, the relative systemic availability of the S-enantiomer compared to the R-enantiomer was 13% after a single dose and 18% at steady-state.
[L10478]
[L8791]
The elimination half-life is also prolonged in patients with hepatic insufficiency (14 to 16 hours) and in the elderly (approximately 20 hours).
[L10478]
Intravenously administered verapamil has rapid distribution phase half-life of approximately 4 minutes, followed by a terminal elimination phase half-life of 2 to 5 hours.
[L10481]
[L8791]
[A13983]
[L10478][A415]
The remaining parent drug undergoes O-demethylation, N-dealkylation, and N-demethylation to a number of different metabolites via the cytochrome P450 enzyme system.
[A415]
Norverapamil, one of the major circulating metabolites, is the result of verapamil's N-demethylation via CYP2C8, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5,[A415] and carries approximately 20% of the cardiovascular activity of its parent drug.
[L10478]
The other major pathway involved in verapamil metabolism is N-dealkylation via CYP2C8, CYP3A4, and CYP1A2 to the D-617 metabolite. Both norverapamil and D-617 are further metabolized by other CYP isoenzymes to various secondary metabolites. CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 have also been implicated in the metabolic pathway of verapamil, albeit to a minor extent.
[A415]
Minor pathways of verapamil metabolism involve its O-demethylation to D-703 via CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C18, and to D-702 via CYP2C9 and CYP2C18.
[A415]
Several steps in verapamil's metabolic pathway show stereoselective preference for the S-enantiomer of the given substrate, including the generation of the D-620 metabolite by CYP3A4/5 and the D-617 metabolite by CYP2C8.
[A415]
[L8791]
[A188435]
Of note, apparent oral clearance appears to vary significantly between single dose and multiple-dose conditions. The apparent oral clearance following single doses of verapamil was approximately 1007 mL/min for R-verapamil and 5481 mL/min for S-verapamil, whereas 3 weeks of continuous treatment resulted in apparent oral clearance values of approximately 651 mL/min for R-verapamil and 2855 mL/min for S-verapamil.
[A188435]
Proteins and enzymes this drug interacts with in the body
PMID:12181424 PMID:15454078 PMID:15863612 PMID:16299511 PMID:17224476 PMID:20953164 PMID:23677916 PMID:24728418 PMID:26253506 PMID:27218670 PMID:29078335 PMID:29742403 PMID:30023270 PMID:30172029 PMID:34163037 PMID:8099908
Mediates influx of calcium ions into the cytoplasm, and thereby triggers calcium release from the sarcoplasm (By similarity). Plays an important role in excitation-contraction coupling in the heart. Required for normal heart development and normal regulation of heart rhythm .
PMID:15454078 PMID:15863612 PMID:17224476 PMID:24728418 PMID:26253506
Required for normal contraction of smooth muscle cells in blood vessels and in the intestine.
Essential for normal blood pressure regulation via its role in the contraction of arterial smooth muscle cells .
PMID:28119464
Long-lasting (L-type) calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group (Probable)
They are involved in pain signaling .
PMID:25296916
Calcium channels containing alpha-1B subunit may play a role in directed migration of immature neurons. Mediates Ca(2+) release probability at hippocampal neuronal soma and synaptic terminals (By similarity)
They are however insensitive to dihydropyridines (DHP)
PMID:29286281 PMID:34815345
Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their voltage dependence is regulated by the concentration of extracellular potassium; as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages. The inward rectification is mainly due to the blockage of outward current by internal magnesium.
Can be blocked by extracellular barium (By similarity). In pancreatic cells, it forms KATP channels with ABCC8/SUR1 .
PMID:29286281 PMID:34815345
Can form cardiac and smooth muscle-type KATP channels with ABCC9
A particularity of this type of channel is an opening at quite negative potentials and a voltage-dependent inactivation. T-type channels serve pacemaking functions in both central neurons and cardiac nodal cells and support calcium signaling in secretory cells and vascular smooth muscle. They may also be involved in the modulation of firing patterns of neurons which is important for information processing as well as in cell growth processes.
Enzymes involved in drug metabolism — important for understanding drug interactions
Proteins that transport this drug across cell membranes
PMID:2897240 PMID:35970996 PMID:8898203 PMID:9038218 PMID:35507548
Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins .
PMID:8898203
Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells PMID:2897240 PMID:35970996 PMID:9038218
PMID:11388889 PMID:11408531 PMID:12439218 PMID:12719534 PMID:15389554 PMID:16263091 PMID:16272756 PMID:16581093 PMID:19536068 PMID:21128598 PMID:23680637 PMID:24961373 PMID:34040533 PMID:9187257 PMID:9260930 PMID:9655880
Functions as a pH- and Na(+)-independent, bidirectional transporter (By similarity). Cation cellular uptake or release is driven by the electrochemical potential (i.e. membrane potential and concentration gradient) and substrate selectivity (By similarity). Hydrophobicity is a major requirement for recognition in polyvalent substrates and inhibitors (By similarity).
Primarily expressed at the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes and proximal tubules and involved in the uptake and disposition of cationic compounds by hepatic and renal clearance from the blood flow (By similarity). Most likely functions as an uptake carrier in enterocytes contributing to the intestinal elimination of organic cations from the systemic circulation .
PMID:16263091
Transports endogenous monoamines such as N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), guanidine, histamine, neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin and adrenaline .
PMID:12439218 PMID:24961373 PMID:35469921 PMID:9260930
Also transports natural polyamines such as spermidine, agmatine and putrescine at low affinity, but relatively high turnover .
PMID:21128598
Involved in the hepatic uptake of vitamin B1/thiamine, hence regulating hepatic lipid and energy metabolism .
PMID:24961373
Mediates the bidirectional transport of acetylcholine (ACh) at the apical membrane of ciliated cell in airway epithelium, thereby playing a role in luminal release of ACh from bronchial epithelium .
PMID:15817714
Transports dopaminergic neuromodulators cyclo(his-pro) and salsolinol with lower efficency .
PMID:17460754
Also capable of transporting non-amine endogenous compounds such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) .
PMID:11907186
May contribute to the transport of cationic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Also involved in the uptake of xenobiotics tributylmethylammonium (TBuMA), quinidine, N-methyl-quinine (NMQ), N-methyl-quinidine (NMQD) N-(4,4-azo-n-pentyl)-quinuclidine (APQ), azidoprocainamide methoiodide (AMP), N-(4,4-azo-n-pentyl)-21-deoxyajmalinium (APDA) and 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP) PMID:11408531 PMID:15389554 PMID:35469921 PMID:9260930
PMID:10215651 PMID:15107849 PMID:15795384 PMID:16729965 PMID:20601551 PMID:22206629 PMID:22569296 PMID:29530864
Functions as a Na(+)-dependent and pH-dependent high affinity microbial symporter of potent food-derived antioxidant ergothioeine .
PMID:15795384 PMID:29530864 PMID:33124720
Transports one sodium ion with one ergothioeine molecule (By similarity). Involved in the absorption of ergothioneine from the luminal/apical side of the small intestine and renal tubular cells, and into non-parenchymal liver cells, thereby contributing to maintain steady-state ergothioneine level in the body .
PMID:20601551
Also mediates the bidirectional transport of acetycholine, although the exact transport mechanism has not been fully identified yet .
PMID:22206629
Most likely exports anti-inflammatory acetylcholine in non-neuronal tissues, thereby contributing to the non-neuronal cholinergic system .
PMID:22206629 PMID:22569296
Displays a general physiological role linked to better survival by controlling inflammation and oxidative stress, which may be related to ergothioneine and acetycholine transports .
PMID:15795384 PMID:22206629
May also function as a low-affinity Na(+)-dependent transporter of L-carnitine through the mitochondrial membrane, thereby maintaining intracellular carnitine homeostasis .
PMID:10215651 PMID:15107849 PMID:16729965
May contribute to regulate the transport of cationic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier PMID:35307651
PMID:10454528 PMID:10525100 PMID:10966938 PMID:17509700 PMID:20722056 PMID:33124720
Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium.
Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3 .
PMID:10454528 PMID:10525100 PMID:10966938
In intestinal epithelia, transports the quorum-sensing pentapeptide CSF (competence and sporulation factor) from B.subtilis which induces cytoprotective heat shock proteins contributing to intestinal homeostasis .
PMID:18005709
May also contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
PMID:10359813 PMID:11581266 PMID:15083066
Transports glucuronide conjugates such as bilirubin diglucuronide, estradiol-17-beta-o-glucuronide and GSH conjugates such as leukotriene C4 (LTC4) .
PMID:11581266 PMID:15083066
Transports also various bile salts (taurocholate, glycocholate, taurochenodeoxycholate-3-sulfate, taurolithocholate- 3-sulfate) (By similarity). Does not contribute substantially to bile salt physiology but provides an alternative route for the export of bile acids and glucuronides from cholestatic hepatocytes (By similarity). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable).
Can confer resistance to various anticancer drugs, methotrexate, tenoposide and etoposide, by decreasing accumulation of these drugs in cells PMID:10359813 PMID:11581266
PMID:10358072 PMID:15159445 PMID:17412826
Shows broad substrate specificity, can transport both organic anions such as bile acid taurocholate (cholyltaurine) and conjugated steroids (dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, and estrone 3-sulfate), as well as eicosanoids (prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene C4, and leukotriene E4), and thyroid hormones (T4/L-thyroxine, and T3/3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine) .
PMID:10358072 PMID:10601278 PMID:10873595 PMID:11159893 PMID:12196548 PMID:12568656 PMID:15159445 PMID:15970799 PMID:16627748 PMID:17412826 PMID:19129463 PMID:26979622
Can take up bilirubin glucuronides from plasma into the liver, contributing to the detoxification-enhancing liver-blood shuttling loop .
PMID:22232210
Involved in the clearance of endogenous and exogenous substrates from the liver .
PMID:10358072 PMID:10601278
Transports coproporphyrin I and III, by-products of heme synthesis, and may be involved in their hepatic disposition .
PMID:26383540
May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Can transport HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also known as statins), such as pravastatin and pitavastatin, a clinically important class of hypolipidemic drugs .
PMID:10601278 PMID:15159445 PMID:15970799
May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate .
PMID:23243220
May also transport antihypertension agents, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor prodrug enalapril, and the highly selective angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist valsartan, in the liver .
PMID:16624871 PMID:16627748
Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity towards prostaglandin E2 and T4 which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment .
PMID:19129463
Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions PMID:19129463
PMID:19129463 PMID:7557095
Responsible for intestinal absorption of bile acids (By similarity). Transports dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate (DHEAS), a major circulating steroid secreted by the adrenal cortex, as well as estrone 3-sulfate and 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate) .
PMID:11159893 PMID:12568656 PMID:19129463 PMID:23918469 PMID:25560245 PMID:9539145
Mediates apical uptake of all-trans-retinol (atROL) across human retinal pigment epithelium, which is essential to maintaining the integrity of the visual cycle and thus vision .
PMID:25560245
Involved in the uptake of clinically used drugs .
PMID:17301733 PMID:20686826 PMID:27777271
Capable of thyroid hormone transport (both T3 or 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine, and T4 or L-tyroxine) .
PMID:19129463 PMID:20358049
Also transports prostaglandin E2 .
PMID:19129463
Plays roles in blood-brain and -cerebrospinal fluid barrier transport of organic anions and signal mediators, and in hormone uptake by neural cells (By similarity). May also play a role in the reuptake of neuropeptides such as substance P/TAC1 and vasoactive intestinal peptide/VIP released from retinal neurons .
PMID:25132355
May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drugs methotrexate and paclitaxel .
PMID:23243220
Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment .
PMID:19129463
Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions .
PMID:19129463
May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
PMID:10064732 PMID:11114332 PMID:16230346 PMID:7961706 PMID:9281595
Mediates ATP-dependent transport of glutathione and glutathione conjugates, leukotriene C4, estradiol-17-beta-o-glucuronide, methotrexate, antiviral drugs and other xenobiotics .
PMID:10064732 PMID:11114332 PMID:16230346 PMID:7961706 PMID:9281595
Confers resistance to anticancer drugs by decreasing accumulation of drug in cells, and by mediating ATP- and GSH-dependent drug export .
PMID:9281595
Hydrolyzes ATP with low efficiency .
PMID:16230346
Catalyzes the export of sphingosine 1-phosphate from mast cells independently of their degranulation .
PMID:17050692
Participates in inflammatory response by allowing export of leukotriene C4 from leukotriene C4-synthesizing cells (By similarity). Mediates ATP-dependent, GSH-independent cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) export .
PMID:36070769
Thus, by limiting intracellular cGAMP concentrations negatively regulates the cGAS-STING pathway .
PMID:36070769
Exports S-geranylgeranyl-glutathione (GGG) in lymphoid cells and stromal compartments of lymphoid organs. ABCC1 (via extracellular transport) with GGT5 (via GGG catabolism) establish GGG gradients within lymphoid tissues to position P2RY8-positive lymphocytes at germinal centers in lymphoid follicles and restrict their chemotactic transmigration from blood vessels to the bone marrow parenchyma (By similarity).
Mediates basolateral export of GSH-conjugated R- and S-prostaglandin A2 diastereomers in polarized epithelial cells PMID:9426231
PMID:11856762 PMID:12523936 PMID:12835412 PMID:12883481 PMID:15364914 PMID:15454390 PMID:16282361 PMID:17959747 PMID:18300232 PMID:26721430
Mediates the ATP-dependent efflux of glutathione conjugates such as leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) too. The presence of GSH is necessary for the ATP-dependent transport of LTB4, whereas GSH is not required for the transport of LTC4 .
PMID:17959747
Mediates the cotransport of bile acids with reduced glutathione (GSH) .
PMID:12523936 PMID:12883481 PMID:16282361
Transports a wide range of drugs and their metabolites, including anticancer, antiviral and antibiotics molecules .
PMID:11856762 PMID:12105214 PMID:15454390 PMID:17344354 PMID:18300232
Confers resistance to anticancer agents such as methotrexate PMID:11106685
PMID:12527806 PMID:15256465
May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Mediates multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells by preventing the intracellular accumulation of certain antitumor drugs, such as, docetaxel and paclitaxel .
PMID:15256465 PMID:23087055
Does not transport glycocholic acid, taurocholic acid, MTX, folic acid, cAMP, or cGMP PMID:12527806
PMID:16330770 PMID:17509534
Plays a physiological role in the excretion of cationic compounds including endogenous metabolites, drugs, toxins through the kidney and liver, into urine and bile respectively .
PMID:16330770 PMID:17495125 PMID:17509534 PMID:17582384 PMID:18305230 PMID:19158817 PMID:21128598 PMID:24961373
Mediates the efflux of endogenous compounds such as creatinine, vitamin B1/thiamine, agmatine and estrone-3-sulfate .
PMID:16330770 PMID:17495125 PMID:17509534 PMID:17582384 PMID:18305230 PMID:19158817 PMID:21128598 PMID:24961373
May also contribute to regulate the transport of cationic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
Plays a physiological role in the excretion of drugs, toxins and endogenous metabolites through the kidney
Proteins that carry this drug through the body
PMID:19021548
Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity).
Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity).
Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli .
PMID:6234017
Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin PMID:6234017
Appears to function in modulating the activity of the immune system during the acute-phase reaction
ATC C09BB10
ATC C08DA51
ATC C08DA01
Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
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Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
Linked compound data from DrugBank Open Data (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Verapamil
Additional database identifiers
Drugs Product Database (DPD)
10110
ChemSpider
2425
BindingDB
81939
Guide to Pharmacology
2406
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1390
GenAtlas
CACNA1C
GeneCards
CACNA1C
GenBank Gene Database
M92270
Guide to Pharmacology
529
UniProt Accession
CAC1C_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1389
GenAtlas
CACNA1B
GeneCards
CACNA1B
GenBank Gene Database
M94172
GenBank Protein Database
179758
Guide to Pharmacology
533
UniProt Accession
CAC1B_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1388
GenAtlas
CACNA1A
GeneCards
CACNA1A
GenBank Gene Database
AF004884
GenBank Protein Database
2213913
UniProt Accession
CAC1A_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6257
GenAtlas
KCNJ11
GeneCards
KCNJ11
GenBank Gene Database
D50582
GenBank Protein Database
1088445
UniProt Accession
KCJ11_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1394
GenAtlas
CACNA1G
GenBank Gene Database
AF134986
GenBank Protein Database
6625659
Guide to Pharmacology
535
UniProt Accession
CAC1G_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1395
GenAtlas
CACNA1H
GeneCards
CACNA1H
GenBank Gene Database
AF051946
GenBank Protein Database
14670397
Guide to Pharmacology
536
UniProt Accession
CAC1H_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6251
GenAtlas
KCNH2
GeneCards
KCNH2
GenBank Gene Database
U04270
GenBank Protein Database
487738
Guide to Pharmacology
572
UniProt Accession
KCNH2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:11050
GenAtlas
SLC6A4
GeneCards
SLC6A4
GenBank Gene Database
X70697
GenBank Protein Database
36433
Guide to Pharmacology
928
UniProt Accession
SC6A4_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:277
GenAtlas
ADRA1A
GeneCards
ADRA1A
GenBank Gene Database
D25235
GenBank Protein Database
433201
Guide to Pharmacology
22
UniProt Accession
ADA1A_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:278
GenAtlas
ADRA1B
GeneCards
ADRA1B
GenBank Gene Database
M99589
Guide to Pharmacology
23
UniProt Accession
ADA1B_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:280
GenAtlas
ADRA1D
GeneCards
ADRA1D
GenBank Gene Database
M76446
GenBank Protein Database
177807
Guide to Pharmacology
24
UniProt Accession
ADA1D_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1405
GenAtlas
CACNG1
GeneCards
CACNG1
GenBank Gene Database
L07738
GenBank Protein Database
306473
UniProt Accession
CCG1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1406
GeneCards
CACNG2
UniProt Accession
CCG2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1407
GeneCards
CACNG3
UniProt Accession
CCG3_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1408
GeneCards
CACNG4
UniProt Accession
CCG4_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1409
GeneCards
CACNG5
UniProt Accession
CCG5_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:13625
GeneCards
CACNG6
UniProt Accession
CCG6_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:13626
GeneCards
CACNG7
UniProt Accession
CCG7_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:13628
GeneCards
CACNG8
UniProt Accession
CCG8_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1399
GenAtlas
CACNA2D1
GeneCards
CACNA2D1
GenBank Gene Database
M76559
GenBank Protein Database
179762
UniProt Accession
CA2D1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1400
GenAtlas
CACNA2D2
GeneCards
CACNA2D2
GenBank Gene Database
AJ251368
UniProt Accession
CA2D2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:15460
GeneCards
CACNA2D3
GenBank Gene Database
AJ272268
GenBank Protein Database
7105926
UniProt Accession
CA2D3_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:20202
GeneCards
CACNA2D4
UniProt Accession
CA2D4_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1390
GenAtlas
CACNA1C
GeneCards
CACNA1C
GenBank Gene Database
M92270
Guide to Pharmacology
529
UniProt Accession
CAC1C_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1391
GenAtlas
CACNA1D
GeneCards
CACNA1D
GenBank Gene Database
M76558
GenBank Protein Database
179764
Guide to Pharmacology
530
UniProt Accession
CAC1D_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1393
GenAtlas
CACNA1F
GeneCards
CACNA1F
GenBank Gene Database
AJ006216
GenBank Protein Database
3183953
Guide to Pharmacology
531
UniProt Accession
CAC1F_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1397
GenAtlas
CACNA1S
GeneCards
CACNA1S
GenBank Gene Database
U30707
GenBank Protein Database
1698403
Guide to Pharmacology
528
UniProt Accession
CAC1S_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1401
GenAtlas
CACNB1
GeneCards
CACNB1
GenBank Gene Database
M92303
GenBank Protein Database
179806
UniProt Accession
CACB1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1402
GenAtlas
CACNB2
GeneCards
CACNB2
GenBank Gene Database
S60415
GenBank Protein Database
300417
UniProt Accession
CACB2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1403
GenAtlas
CACNB3
GeneCards
CACNB3
GenBank Gene Database
X76555
GenBank Protein Database
435135
UniProt Accession
CACB3_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1404
GenAtlas
CACNB4
GeneCards
CACNB4
GenBank Gene Database
U95020
GenBank Protein Database
2058727
UniProt Accession
CACB4_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1389
GenAtlas
CACNA1B
GeneCards
CACNA1B
GenBank Gene Database
M94172
GenBank Protein Database
179758
Guide to Pharmacology
533
UniProt Accession
CAC1B_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1388
GenAtlas
CACNA1A
GeneCards
CACNA1A
GenBank Gene Database
AF004884
GenBank Protein Database
2213913
UniProt Accession
CAC1A_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1392
GeneCards
CACNA1E
Guide to Pharmacology
534
UniProt Accession
CAC1E_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1394
GenAtlas
CACNA1G
GenBank Gene Database
AF134986
GenBank Protein Database
6625659
Guide to Pharmacology
535
UniProt Accession
CAC1G_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1395
GenAtlas
CACNA1H
GeneCards
CACNA1H
GenBank Gene Database
AF051946
GenBank Protein Database
14670397
Guide to Pharmacology
536
UniProt Accession
CAC1H_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1396
GenAtlas
CACNA1I
GeneCards
CACNA1I
GenBank Gene Database
AF129133
GenBank Protein Database
5565888
Guide to Pharmacology
537
UniProt Accession
CAC1I_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:40
GenAtlas
ABCB1
GeneCards
ABCB1
GenBank Gene Database
M14758
GenBank Protein Database
307180
Guide to Pharmacology
768
UniProt Accession
MDR1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2637
GenAtlas
CYP3A4
GeneCards
CYP3A4
GenBank Gene Database
M18907
Guide to Pharmacology
1337
UniProt Accession
CP3A4_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2596
GenAtlas
CYP1A2
GeneCards
CYP1A2
GenBank Gene Database
Z00036
Guide to Pharmacology
1319
UniProt Accession
CP1A2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2622
GenAtlas
CYP2C8
GeneCards
CYP2C8
GenBank Gene Database
M17397
Guide to Pharmacology
1325
UniProt Accession
CP2C8_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2623
GenAtlas
CYP2C9
GeneCards
CYP2C9
GenBank Gene Database
AY341248
Guide to Pharmacology
1326
UniProt Accession
CP2C9_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2620
GeneCards
CYP2C18
GenBank Gene Database
M61853
Guide to Pharmacology
1327
UniProt Accession
CP2CI_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2638
GenAtlas
CYP3A5
GeneCards
CYP3A5
GenBank Gene Database
J04813
GenBank Protein Database
181346
Guide to Pharmacology
1338
UniProt Accession
CP3A5_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2615
GeneCards
CYP2B6
GenBank Gene Database
M29874
GenBank Protein Database
181296
Guide to Pharmacology
1324
UniProt Accession
CP2B6_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2621
GeneCards
CYP2C19
GenBank Gene Database
M61854
GenBank Protein Database
181344
Guide to Pharmacology
1328
UniProt Accession
CP2CJ_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2625
GenAtlas
CYP2D6
GeneCards
CYP2D6
GenBank Gene Database
M20403
GenBank Protein Database
181350
Guide to Pharmacology
1329
UniProt Accession
CP2D6_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2631
GeneCards
CYP2E1
GenBank Gene Database
J02625
GenBank Protein Database
181360
Guide to Pharmacology
1330
UniProt Accession
CP2E1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:399
GenAtlas
ALB
GeneCards
ALB
GenBank Gene Database
V00494
GenBank Protein Database
28590
UniProt Accession
ALBU_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8498
GenAtlas
ORM1
GeneCards
ORM1
GenBank Gene Database
X02544
GenBank Protein Database
757907
UniProt Accession
A1AG1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:40
GenAtlas
ABCB1
GeneCards
ABCB1
GenBank Gene Database
M14758
GenBank Protein Database
307180
Guide to Pharmacology
768
UniProt Accession
MDR1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10963
GeneCards
SLC22A1
GenBank Gene Database
X98332
GenBank Protein Database
2511670
Guide to Pharmacology
1019
UniProt Accession
S22A1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10968
GenAtlas
SLC22A4
GeneCards
SLC22A4
GenBank Gene Database
AB007448
GenBank Protein Database
2605501
UniProt Accession
S22A4_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10969
GenAtlas
SLC22A5
GeneCards
SLC22A5
GenBank Gene Database
AF057164
GenBank Protein Database
3273741
UniProt Accession
S22A5_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:54
GenAtlas
ABCC3
GeneCards
ABCC3
GenBank Gene Database
AB010887
GenBank Protein Database
3132270
UniProt Accession
MRP3_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10959
GenAtlas
SLCO1B1
GeneCards
SLCO1B1
GenBank Gene Database
AF060500
GenBank Protein Database
5051630
Guide to Pharmacology
1220
UniProt Accession
SO1B1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10956
GeneCards
SLCO1A2
GenBank Gene Database
U21943
GenBank Protein Database
885978
Guide to Pharmacology
1219
UniProt Accession
SO1A2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:51
GenAtlas
ABCC1
GeneCards
ABCC1
GenBank Gene Database
L05628
GenBank Protein Database
1835659
Guide to Pharmacology
779
UniProt Accession
MRP1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:55
GenAtlas
ABCC4
GeneCards
ABCC4
GenBank Gene Database
AF071202
GenBank Protein Database
3335173
Guide to Pharmacology
782
UniProt Accession
MRP4_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:52
GeneCards
ABCC10
GenBank Gene Database
AY032599
GenBank Protein Database
21103955
UniProt Accession
MRP7_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:25588
GeneCards
SLC47A1
GenBank Gene Database
AK001709
GenBank Protein Database
7023138
Guide to Pharmacology
1216
UniProt Accession
S47A1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:26439
GeneCards
SLC47A2
Guide to Pharmacology
1217
UniProt Accession
S47A2_HUMAN
International reference pricing
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Patent information
All patents expired, 2 expired
Source: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0. Patent data sourced from national patent offices. Expiry dates may not reflect extensions, regulatory exclusivity periods, or legal challenges.
DrugBank citations
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