Tyloxapol 0.125% solution

This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of different mucolytic agents in patients with COPD. This study enrolled adults, regardless of the medication regimen. The control groups received placebo, usual care, or a medication other than the intervention group. We reported interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), ROS, COPD Assessment Test (CAT) scores, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), adverse effects, and exacerbation rates. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata MP15, R4.4.3, and Bayesian network models. The quality of the included studies was assessed using RoB 2.0. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched from database inception up to January 28, 2026 to identify English-language randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting outcomes related to inflammatory markers and pulmonary function parameters. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024622223). Data from 4408 COPD patients across 18 RCTs were analyzed. For reducing 8-isoprostane (SUCRA was 97.06%) and ROS (SUCRA was75.26%), erdosteine 900 mg was more effective. Regarding inflammatory markers, tyloxapol outperformed in reducing IL-6 (SUCRA was 67.16%) and IL-8 levels (SUCRA was 69.44%). For improving FEV1, erdosteine 900 mg (SUCRA: 89.40%) ranked first according to the SUCRA ranking. For reducing exacerbation rates of COPD (SUCRA: 87.72%) and the incidence of adverse reactions (SUCRA: 79.04%), cineole was the most efficacious. These results demonstrated that cineole was the most favorable for lowering the incidence of adverse reactions and exacerbation. Erdosteine 900 mg is most effective for improving lung function and reducing oxidative stress, while cineole is safer with a lower incidence of adverse reaction and acute exacerbation. Future multicenter, large-sample RCTs are warranted to collect data on long-term safety, explore combination therapies, and systematically monitor adverse drug reactions.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND

BACKGROUND: Brinzolamide (BRI) suspensions are used for the treatment of glaucoma; however, sufficient drug delivery to the target tissue after eye drop administration is hampered by poor solubility. To address this issue, we focused on nanocrystal technology, which is expected to improve the bioavailability of poor-solubility drugs, and investigated the effect of BRI nanocrystal formulations on corneal permeability and intraocular pressure (IOP)-reducing effect. METHODS: BRI nanocrystal formulations were prepared by the wet-milling method with beads and additives. The particle size was measured by NANOSIGHT LM10, and the morphology was determined using a scanning probe microscope (SPM-9700) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Corneal permeability was evaluated in vitro using a Franz diffusion cell with rat corneas and in vivo using rabbits, and the IOP-reducing effect was investigated using a rabbit hypertensive model. RESULTS: The particle size range for prepared BRI nanocrystal formulation was from 50 to 300 nm and the mean particle size was 135 ± 4 nm. The morphology was crystalline, and the nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed. In the corneal permeability study, BRI nanocrystallization exhibited higher corneal permeability than non-milled formulations. This result may be attributed to the increased solubility of BRI by nanocrystallization and the induction of energy-dependent endocytosis by the attachment of BRI nanoparticles to the cell membrane. Furthermore, the addition of tyloxapol to BRI nanocrystal formulation further improved the intraocular penetration of BRI and showed a stronger IOP-reducing effect than the commercial product. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of BRI nanocrystallization and tyloxapol is expected to be highly effective in glaucoma treatment and a useful tool for new ophthalmic drug delivery.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Abstract Several previous research indicate that treating Mesembryanthemum crystallinum may aid in reducing adipogenesis and triacylglycerol level and improving hyperglycemia and diabetes. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of M. crystallinum extract (MCE) in combating obesity and lowering fat/lipid/cholesterol levels. The study aimed to investigate the molecular docking model targeting 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase (HMGCR) using MCE‐derived d ‐pinitol or atorvastatin, an inhibitor of HMGCR. In this study, histological alterations in the liver of tyloxapol‐induced hyperlipidemia (TIH) model, hyperlipidemia‐related markers in serum, HMGCR activity, and cell viability in HepG2 cells were analyzed. Our findings revealed that tyloxapol treatment significantly led to increased hyperlipidemia‐related indicators and cardiovascular‐associated risk indices. However, MCE effectively mitigated tyloxapol‐induced hepatic fat accumulation and an increase in cholesterol levels. This was achieved through improvements in metabolic parameters, ultimately ameliorating TIH. These beneficial results suggest that MCE may be a strong potential for the treatment of hyperlipidemia‐related diseases.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Aim of the study was designed to investigate the antihyperlipidemic activity of carvedilol and pitavastatin in tyloxapol-induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. The vehicle control group-I received 2 mL of normal saline for eight days. The pathological control group-II received tyloxapol (400 mg/kg) on 8th day. The treated group-III received 10 mg/kg carvedilol and group-IV received 20 mg/kg carvedilol for eight days and tyloxapol (400 mg/kg) on the 8th day. The group-V received pitavastatin (0.3 mg/kg) for eight days and tyloxapol (400 mg/kg) on the 8th day. The group-VI received carvedilol (20 mg/kg) only for eight days. After eight days of treatment, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and glutathione were estimated in the serum and myocardial tissues along with DNA fragmentation of the liver tissue using gel-electrophoresis. Oral administration of carvedilol to tyloxapol-induced hyperlipidemic rats normalized the changes in the above parameters in a dose dependent manner. Hence, carvedilol with pitavastatin has antihyperlipidemic activity in tyloxapol-induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats.

Abstract licence: CC BY