Turpentine oil liquid
Turpentine, also known as spirit of turpentine, oil of turpentine, and wood turpentine, is a liquid extracted from live trees, mainly pine, through distillation of resin.
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Data from the MHRA Yellow Card scheme. A reported reaction does not necessarily mean the medicine caused it. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
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2 branded products available
Therapeutically similar medicines
Similarity is based on WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and on a factual NHS dm+d therapeutic-grouping code prefix. Source data: NHS dm+d via TRUD (OGL v3.0), WHO ATC/DDD Index.
NHS prescribing volume and spending trends
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Supply & safety information
Official UK regulator monitoring and safety alerts
Pharmacy links redirect to the retailer's own search and do not represent real-time stock levels. Shortage and safety information sourced from MHRA drug safety updates (gov.uk, Crown Copyright under OGL v3.0).
Codes for healthcare professionals and prescribing systems
These codes are used by healthcare IT systems and prescribers to identify this medicine.
NHS UK identifiers
SNOMED CT and dm+d codes from NHS TRUD (Technology Reference data Update Distribution), licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. BNF code shown is the factual mapping value distributed by NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA) in the dm+d supplementary file under OGL v3.0; it is not affiliated with, nor licensed from, the publishers of the British National Formulary.
Active and completed clinical studies from ClinicalTrials.gov
Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Data accessed via ClinicalTrials.gov API v2. Trial information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.
Academic studies and reviews for this medicine's active substance
Showing all 29 studies.
Reviews & meta-analyses: 3 · 2017–2026
Showing all 29 studies, sorted by most relevant.
R. Chivu
Journal of Thermal Engineering, 2025
This paper reviews research on the effects of substituting diesel oil with mixtures containing turpentine on the performance and emissions of internal combustion engines.Studies have shown that turpentine-diesel blends offer several potential benefits when used as fuel.In some cases, significant reductions of up to 10% in fuel consumption have been observed.Overall, pollutant emissions decreased, with reduction in smoke opacity exceeding 40%, as reported in some studies.Certain blends exhibited increased engine performance, potentially due to improved fuel atomization from the lower viscosity of the mixture.Additionally, studies have documented thermal efficiency gains exceeding 3% in specific cases.However, the effectiveness of these blends is highly dependent on several factors, including the source of the turpentine (its geographic origin can significantly impact its properties and suitability for blending); the injection pressure (which is crucial for maximizing the benefits of the blend) and the proportion of the turpentine in the mixture (which significantly influences the observed effects).
Abstract licence: CC BY-NC
P. Dubey, Rajesh Gupta
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017
P. Dubey, Rajesh Gupta
Renewable Energy, 2018
Pascale Chalier, Brais Martínez‐López, Marie-Agnès Lacour, et al.
Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 2024
Halis Deviren, Erdal Çılğın
Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
A. Jeevanantham, D. Madhusudan Reddy, N. Goyal, et al.
Fuel, 2020
Udayakumar Paneerselvam, Kasiraman Ganapathy
Biofuels, 2024
O. A. Krasnova, V. Minaychev, V. Akatov, et al.
Biomolecules, 2023
- Squalene
- Turpentine
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
Turpentine oil, owing to the presence of 7-50 terpenes, has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antioxidant, and antitumor properties, which are important for medical emulsion preparation. The addition of turpentine oil to squalene emulsions can increase their effectiveness, thereby reducing the concentration of expensive and possibly deficient squalene, and increasing its stability and shelf life. In this study, squalene emulsions were obtained by adding various concentrations of turpentine oil via high-pressure homogenization, and the safety and effectiveness of the obtained emulsions were studied in vitro and in vivo. All emulsions showed high safety profiles, regardless of the concentration of turpentine oil used. However, these emulsions exhibited dose-dependent effects in terms of both efficiency and storage stability, and the squalene emulsion with 1.0% turpentine oil had the most pronounced adjuvant and cytokine-stimulating activity as well as the most pronounced stability indicators when stored at room temperature. Thus, it can be concluded that the squalene emulsion with 1% turpentine oil is a stable, monomodal, and reliably safe ultradispersed emulsion and may have pleiotropic effects with pronounced immunopotentiating properties.
Abstract licence: CC BY
Sources: aggregated from Europe PMC (EMBL-EBI), OpenAlex, Crossref, PubMed and other open scholarly databases. Retracted articles are excluded. Study information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.
Pharmacology and chemical data from DrugBank
Key facts
Drug status
Approved
Major interactions
None known
Half-life
2 hr
Mechanism
Binding of turpentine oil or inflammatory cytokines e.
Food interactions
None known
Human targets
1 target
Data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Pharmacokinetics at a glance
Absorption
Half-life
450 mg
Volume of distribution
Elimination
Pharmacokinetic data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Human: TCLo ( inhalation ) 6gm/m3/3h , Effects : Behavioral: Headache
Infant: LDLo ( Oral ) 1748 mg/kg, Effect : GI, Nausea or vomiting
Man: LDLo (Oral ) 3mg/kg
Mouse LC50 ( inhalation ) 29mg/m3/2h
Mouse: LD50 ( intravenous ) 1180ug/kg
Rabbit: LDLo ( Skin) 5010mg/kg, Effect: general depressed activity
How the body processes this drug — absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
Proteins and enzymes this drug interacts with in the body
Depending on the cellular context, the MAPK/ERK cascade mediates diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, survival and differentiation through the regulation of transcription, translation, cytoskeletal rearrangements. The MAPK/ERK cascade also plays a role in initiation and regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors. About 160 substrates have already been discovered for ERKs.
Many of these substrates are localized in the nucleus, and seem to participate in the regulation of transcription upon stimulation. However, other substrates are found in the cytosol as well as in other cellular organelles, and those are responsible for processes such as translation, mitosis and apoptosis. Moreover, the MAPK/ERK cascade is also involved in the regulation of the endosomal dynamics, including lysosome processing and endosome cycling through the perinuclear recycling compartment (PNRC); as well as in the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis.
The substrates include transcription factors (such as ATF2, BCL6, ELK1, ERF, FOS, HSF4 or SPZ1), cytoskeletal elements (such as CANX, CTTN, GJA1, MAP2, MAPT, PXN, SORBS3 or STMN1), regulators of apoptosis (such as BAD, BTG2, CASP9, DAPK1, IER3, MCL1 or PPARG), regulators of translation (such as EIF4EBP1 and FXR1) and a variety of other signaling-related molecules (like ARHGEF2, DCC, FRS2 or GRB10). Protein kinases (such as RAF1, RPS6KA1/RSK1, RPS6KA3/RSK2, RPS6KA2/RSK3, RPS6KA6/RSK4, SYK, MKNK1/MNK1, MKNK2/MNK2, RPS6KA5/MSK1, RPS6KA4/MSK2, MAPKAPK3 or MAPKAPK5) and phosphatases (such as DUSP1, DUSP4, DUSP6 or DUSP16) are other substrates which enable the propagation the MAPK/ERK signal to additional cytosolic and nuclear targets, thereby extending the specificity of the cascade. Mediates phosphorylation of TPR in response to EGF stimulation.
May play a role in the spindle assembly checkpoint. Phosphorylates PML and promotes its interaction with PIN1, leading to PML degradation. Phosphorylates CDK2AP2 (By similarity).
Phosphorylates phosphoglycerate kinase PGK1 under hypoxic conditions to promote its targeting to the mitochondrion and suppress the formation of acetyl-coenzyme A from pyruvate PMID:26942675
Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
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Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
DrugBank citations
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Structured knowledge from the free knowledge base
Molecular structure
Linked open data from Wikidata (Q18603218), a free and open knowledge base operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Data is available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication. Molecular structure images from Wikimedia Commons.