Tiabendazole 500mg chewable tablets

Conventional biological treatment in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have demonstrated limited efficiency in removing contaminants of emerging concern. This study investigated the biodegradation of nine azole antifungals using activated sludge from two WWTPs. Nearly complete degradation was observed for ketoconazole (within 17 days) and climbazole (28 days). Clotrimazole and epoxiconazole exhibited notable differences in removal efficiency between two sludges, ranging from 45% to 76% and 50% to 87%, respectively. Moderate removal (39-66%) was observed for tebuconazole, flutriafol, and tiabendazole, while the lowest degradation occurred for imazalil (~ 30%) and fluconazole (~ 10%). Sorption studies revealed that bioadsorption played a major role in the removal of tiabendazole and clotrimazole with 37-40% and 33-38% of the initial amount of compounds adsorbed on activated sludge, respectively. A reduction in microbial metabolic activity and total organic carbon after one week is likely related to substrate depletion typical of batch experiments rather than loss of activated sludge functionality. Transformation product analysis confirmed the formation of several metabolites structurally similar to parent compounds, retaining the bioactive azole ring, with similar or slightly lower toxicity compared to initial azoles. These findings highlight the roles of biodegradation and sorption in the removal of azole fungicides in activated sludge systems and indicate the limited capacity of conventional treatment to fully eliminate these compounds and the potential ecological risks related to the presence of azoles and their degradation products in the environment.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) is an intestinal nematode which in its life cycle requires soil for the maturation process. STH infection is classified as neglected disease, which is an infection that is not noticed and is chronic in nature because it does not cause typical clinical symptoms and the effects are only seen in the long term. The purpose of this study was to determine chemical and non-chemical control of STH infection on ruminants in dry land of NTT. The method used is a qualitative descriptive method with a literature study approach. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the chemical control of STH infection on ruminants in the dry land of NTT is from the benzimidazole group because it is easy to obtain, easy to apply and has good effectiveness, some of which are albendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, piperazine, pyrantel pamoate, and tiabendazole. Meanwhile, non-chemical effective control of STH infection can use several types of plants, including Putri malu extract (Mimosa pudica Linn.), katuk leaf extract, basil leaf extract (Ocimum americanum Linn.), soursop leaf extract (Annona muricata L.), alamanda leaf extract (Allamanda cathartica L.), mango arumanis (mangifera indica L.), and moringa leaf (Moringaoleifera L.) which have been studied contain chemical compounds that are beneficial such as anthelmintics, namely saponins, mimosin and tannins.

Abstract licence: CC BY-SA

OBJETIVO: Describir la experiencia del uso de ivermectina y tiabendazole en pacientes atendidos en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Daniel A. Carrión”- UNMSM. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Durante los años 2001 y 2002, se administró ivermectina 0,2 mg/kg en dosis única a 22 pacientes (Grupo 1) o tiabendazole 25 mg/kg por 3 días a 20 pacientes (Grupo 2) con diagnóstico de Strongyloides stercoralis en heces. Se efectuó controles entre 20 y 40 días después de administrado el tratamiento. RESULTADOS: El promedio de edades fue 21,8 años (DE 22,6) para el grupo 1 y de 33,5 años (DE 14,2) para el grupo 2. Hubo 12 varones (54,5%) en el grupo 1 y 7 (35%) en el grupo 2. Ivermectina fue 100% eficaz, mientras que tiabendazole lo fue en 95%; sólo un caso requirió un segundo ciclo debido a la alta carga parasitaria inicial; el siguiente control fue negativo. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron diarreas (71,4%), dolor cólico (61,9%) y dolor epigástrico (47,6%). Todos los pacientes manifestaron mejoría clínica luego del tratamiento. Sólo 2 casos (10%) del grupo 2 manifestaron leve sensación nauseosa durante el primer día del tratamiento, que remitió por completo al segundo día. CONCLUSIONES: Ambos medicamentos ratifican su eficacia y seguridad para ser utilizados en el tratamiento de Strongyloides stercoralis; es necesario disponer de ellos en el petitorio nacional.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

The objective of this study was to investigate the adsorption of 11 azoles (tebuconazole, ketoconazole, econazole, miconazole, fluconazole, clotrimazole, climbazole, flutriafol, epoxiconazole, tiabendazole, and imazalil) on natural and waste-derived sorbents such as ceramsite, perlite, pumice, sawdust, coconut fibers, heavy oil fly ash (HOFA), activated carbon, and silica gel. The results of adsorption efficiency for most sorbents varied depending on the azole compounds and their concentration. The highest adsorption for all tested compounds was obtained for activated carbon and heavy oil fly ash, reaching about 100% in both tested concentrations (0.2 mg L−1 and 0.02 mg L−1). The HOFA material was characterized in terms of elemental analysis (CHNS), confirming the elemental contents of 52% C, 0.65% H, 0.4% N, and 2.3% S. The specific surface area of HOFA was 11.2 m2 g−1, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed the spherical yet porous nature of the particles. Furthermore, the calculated adsorption isotherms demonstrated that for most tested azoles, the Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm best fits the data, with R2 = 0.93 or more, which is characteristic of porous carbon materials. The results highlight the significant potential of the tested HOFA sorbent for effectively removing azoles, as the tests performed showed that it was possible to remove these compounds with a concentration of up to 0.2 mg L−1 within an hour. This is particularly important because HOFA is an easily accessible waste material. Furthermore, the adsorption of azoles will not increase the cost of HOFA disposal when using the standard procedures currently applied to this waste.

Abstract licence: CC BY