Sodium alginate 500mg/5ml / Potassium bicarbonate 100mg/5ml oral suspension sugar free

While rare, radiological and nuclear (RN) emergencies pose complex challenges that require tailored preparedness strategies. A key aspect is the strategic stockpiling of medical countermeasures (MCMs), yet existing literature offers limited and fragmented recommendations regarding their appropriate composition. This systematic review, conducted following PRISMA guidelines, aims to consolidate and critically appraise available evidence on stockpiling for RN emergencies. Seven databases and selected grey literature sources were screened from 2011 onward. Studies were included if they provided direct or indirect recommendations on stockpiling items. Data extraction was conducted in two steps by independent pairs of reviewers, and identified items were categorized as therapeutics, medical devices, personal protective equipment (PPE), or RN-specific equipment. Items were further analyzed for regulatory status, administration route, shelf-life, and storage requirements. Thirty-two articles met the inclusion criteria. Therapeutics dominated the findings, with 50 distinct agents identified, most frequently potassium iodide, Prussian Blue, Ca-/Zn-DTPA, and hematopoietic growth factors such as filgrastim. In contrast, medical devices were not supported by a sufficient level of stockpiling recommendation, while PPE (6 of 32 articles) and RN equipment (14 of 32 articles) were cited less often. Pediatric considerations were rarely addressed, with 2 studies explicitly focused on this population. Gaps in operational guidance, regulatory harmonization, and standardized planning emerged across the literature. This review highlights that stockpiling recommendations for RN emergencies remain limited, with greater guidance concentrated on a few therapeutics and little direction for other items. The findings provide an informative evidence base to support more consistent policy and preparedness planning.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND

Three-dimensional porous scaffolds doped with the heteroatoms show excellent performances in energy conversion and storage. Herein, we report a green synthesis approach to construct the oxygen-doped porous carbon electrodes by carbonizing the oxygen-rich biomass material, sodium alginate. By precisely controlling the carbonization temperature and increasing the mole ratio of α-L-guluronic acid units/β-D-mannuronic acid units in sodium alginate, the morphology, oxygen content and electrical conductivity of the as-obtained carbonaceous electrode are well balanced. This electrode material delivers capacitance of up to 424.6 F g−1 in 6 M potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte at 1 A g−1, and good cyclic stability with the capacitance retention of >90% after 20,000 charge-discharge cycles. Such excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to both the unique hierarchical macro-/meso-/microporous structure and the presence of abundant oxygen-containing functional groups in the as-prepared carbonized sodium alginate aerogels. The capacitance of our oxygen-doped porous carbon electrodes is at least twice greater than those of other carbonaceous electrodes produced from biomass precursors reported in literatures. This work provides a facile, effective and environmental-friendly approach for the fabrication of high-performance heteroatom-doped carbon-based electrodes for supercapacitor applications.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND

In the present paper, hydrogels based on acrylic acid (20%), sodium alginate (0.5%) and poly(ethylene oxide) (0.1%) were obtained by electron beam irradiation at room temperature with doses between 5 and 20 kGy, using potassium persulfate in concentrations up to 0.3% as a reaction initiator. The influence of initiator concentration and irradiation dose on hydrogel network parameters, swelling and deswelling behavior, gelation and degradation points, structure and morphology were investigated. Cross-link density increased with the irradiation dose and initiator addition, except at 20 kGy. The gel fraction was over 87.0% in all cases. Swelling experiments in distilled water showed swelling degrees of 40,000% at an irradiation dose of 5 kGy when a concentration of 0.1% initiator was added. A relationship between the swelling degree and irradiation dose, cross-linking degree (that increases from 0.044 × 102 to 0.995 × 102 mol/cm3) and mesh size (that decreases from about 220 nm to 26 nm) was observed. The addition of only 0.1% of PP led to the obtaining of hydrogels with a swelling degree of 42,954% (about 430 g/g) at an irradiation dose of 5 kGy and of 7206% (about 62 g/g) at 20 kGy, which are higher percentages than those obtained in the same irradiation conditions but without PP.

Abstract licence: CC BY

In present investigation new formulations of Sodium Alginate/Acrylic acid hydrogels with high porous structure were synthesized by free radical polymerization technique for the controlled drug delivery of analgesic agent to colon. Many structural parameters like molecular weight between crosslinks (Mc), crosslink density (Mr), volume interaction parameter (v2,s), Flory Huggins water interaction parameter and diffusion coefficient (Q) were calculated. Water uptake studies was conducted in different USP phosphate buffer solutions. All samples showed higher swelling ratio with increasing pH values because of ionization of carboxylic groups at higher pH values. Porosity and gel fraction of all the samples were calculated. New selected samples were loaded with the model drug (diclofenac potassium).The amount of drug loaded and released was determined and it was found that all the samples showed higher release of drug at higher pH values. Release of diclofenac potassium was found to be dependent on the ratio of sodium alginate/acrylic acid, EGDMA and pH of the medium. Experimental data was fitted to various model equations and corresponding parameters were calculated to study the release mechanism. The Structural, Morphological and Thermal Properties of interpenetrating hydrogels were studied by FTIR, XRD, DSC, and SEM.

Abstract licence: CC BY

To study the use of partial or total potassium bicarbonate (PBC) to replace sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) on reduced-phosphate silver carp batters, all the batters were composed of silver carp surimi, pork back fat, ice water, spices, sugar, and sodium chloride. Therein, the sample of T1 contained 4 g/kg STPP; T2 contained 1 g/kg PBC, 3 g/kg STPP; T3 contained 2 g/kg PBC, 2 g/kg STPP; T4 contained 3 g/kg PBC, 1 g/kg STPP; T5 contained 4 g/kg PBC, and they were all produced using a bowl chopper. The changes in pH, whiteness, water- and oil-holding capacity, gel and rheological properties, as well as protein conformation were investigated. The pH, cooking yield, water- and oil-holding capacity, texture properties, and the G′ values at 90 °C of the reduced-phosphate silver carp batters with PBC significantly increased (p < 0.05) compared to the sample without PBC. Due to the increasing pH and enhanced ion strength, more β-sheet and β-turns structures were formed. Furthermore, by increasing PBC, the pH significantly increased (p < 0.05) and the cooked silver carp batters became darkened. Meanwhile, more CO2 was generated, which destroyed the gel structure, leading the water- and oil-holding capacity, texture properties, and G′ values at 90 °C to be increased and then decreased. Overall, using PBC partial as a substitute of STPP enables reduced-phosphate silver carp batter to have better gel characteristics and water-holding capacity by increasing its pH and changing its rheology characteristic and protein conformation.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Modern wound dressings have revolutionised wound care, offering optimal healing environments. However, their widespread use has led to a significant increase in allergic reactions, particularly among patients with chronic leg ulcers. The complex chemical compositions of these dressings can trigger allergic responses. This study investigated allergens in wound dressings for leg ulcers. A comprehensive analysis of seventy-three commonly used dressings in Belgium identified prevalent allergenic components across various types. A centralised database was created to catalogue this information. The study found that hydrocolloids and hydrogels are more likely to cause allergies due to substances like, colophony and propyleneglycol respectively. Hydrofibre, alginate and nonadhesive dressings demonstrated lower risks. Carboxymethylcellulose emerged as a frequent allergen. Patch-testing for patients with leg ulcers is recommended to better identify specific allergens. This study helps healthcare professionals select the most suitable dressings, reducing allergy risks and improving wound healing. However, current legislation limits access to the full composition of dressings, hindering the identification of all potential allergens. Overall, this study is a significant step towards understanding and addressing allergy risks associated with wound dressings, improving care for patients with leg ulcers.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC

This study investigates the valorization of pumpkin leaves, an underutilized agricultural byproduct, to produce plant-based protein concentrate and apply this concentrate as a novel component for developing encapsulation matrices. Composite zein/pumpkin-leaf protein concentrate/alginate matrices were structured using a pH-driven method for folic acid (FA) encapsulation. This approach afforded spherical, compact, and uniform nanoparticles, which were formed via intermolecular hydrogen bonding. These nanoparticles successfully encapsulated FA with an encapsulation efficiency of 79.09 % and a loading content of 15.82 %. The thermal analysis of all nanoparticle formulations showed compatibility among their components. The antioxidant activity and storage stability of control nanoparticles were improved by encapsulating FA and increasing its content. Notably, the nanoparticles could release FA during simulated digestion. These results emphasize the potential of the developed nanoparticles as novel nutraceuticals or ingredients for use in functional food formulations. • The pumpkin leaves were valorised for the production of protein concentrate (PLPC). • PLPC was used as a component for the development of encapsulation matrices. • Zein/PLPC/alginate composite nanoparticles were developed using a pH driven method. • Folic acid was encapsulated into the nanoparticles as a stabilizing agent. • The effects of folic acid on the properties of the nanoparticles were evaluated.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND

Melanoma is a malignant type of skin cancer that originates from pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Alongside its aggressive trajectory, it is characterized by metastasis. The lack of targeting ability and high toxicity in traditional chemotherapy, along with issues such as the dermal barrier and patient compliance, necessitate local and synergistic treatment approaches. Patches that are part of transdermal drug delivery systems and use hydrogel microneedles to deliver drugs noninvasively, locally, and synergistically, are a recently emerging treatment alternative. In this study, we designed a microneedle patch composed of microneedles produced by 3D digital light processing, which were made of sodium alginate and GelMA. The GelMA support base contained an anticancer drug (5-FU) and graphene oxide quantum dots dispersed in a polyvinylpyrrolidone matrix. Quantum dots conferred photothermal activity under near-infrared (808 nm) light, whereas 5-FU provided the chemotherapy effect. The microneedle had a height of 917.6 ± 47 μm, tip radius of 26.9 ± 0.4 μm, 5-FU burst release of 63 ± 0.665% within the first hour, and 100% release within 96 h. It exhibited photothermal properties, reaching 46.3 °C within 5 min under the effect of NIR. The patch substantially reduced the viability of cancerous A375 cells, exhibiting suitable mechanical properties for skin penetration, as well as swelling and degradation properties for drug release. The findings suggest that the minimally invasive microneedle platform, which enhances patient compliance, could be a promising solution for melanoma treatment through the synergistic use of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy.

Abstract licence: CC BY