Sodium acid phosphate 700mg / Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 305mg tablets

In this article, we review the recent epidemiology, unique pathophysiology, and challenges in medical management of calcium phosphate (CaP) kidney stones. CaP stones represent the second most encountered stone type. Compared with the more common calcium oxalate stones, CaP stones are more likely to occur in women, have increased in prevalence in recent decades, and recur at a higher rate. Stone formers presenting with hydroxyapatite and brushite stones, the 2 most common subtypes of CaP stones, exhibit distinct histopathologic findings. Urinary risk factors contributing to CaP stone formation include high urine pH, hypercalciuria, and hypocitraturia. These changes in the urinary environment occur from a variety of inherited or acquired conditions. The current approach to medical management of CaP stones is primarily extrapolated from studies performed in calcium oxalate stone formers, and the role of alkali therapy in CaP stone formers is controversial. Therefore, there is a critical need for treatments tailored to address the high recurrence rate, distinct pathophysiology, and risk factors of CaP nephrolithiasis.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND

The nephrotoxicity of adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) can induce Fanconi syndrome, which causes hypophosphatemic osteomalacia. We report a case of a 67-year-old postmenopausal woman who had been receiving long-term adefovir dipivoxil therapy for chronic hepatitis B. She presented with severe bone pain and multiple pseudofractures, and was diagnosed with drug-induced hypophosphatemic osteomalacia. Following discontinuation of adefovir and supplementation with vitamin D and phosphate, her biochemical parameters normalized and bone pain significantly improved, indicating that osteomalacia had been essentially corrected. However, although follow-up bone mineral density (BMD) showed significant improvement compared to pretreatment values, it remained markedly below the reference range for age-matched women. Postmenopausal osteoporosis was therefore suspected, and anti-osteoporotic pharmacotherapy was initiated after correction of osteomalacia. This case suggests that BMD can improve substantially after removal of the causative factor in drug-induced osteomalacia; however, if patients have underlying risk factors for osteoporosis, low BMD may persist even after osteomalacia resolution, necessitating further evaluation and intervention.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental pollutants, some associated with detrimental impacts on human health upon chronic exposure. Many processes have been reported to destroy PFAS, although high-temperature thermal methods such as incineration or pyrolysis are still the most commonly used for bulk waste. Herein, we report a highly effective mechanochemical process designed to destroy polymeric and nonpolymeric PFAS with recovery of fluorine as NaF, a salt endorsed by international organizations for public oral health. The process consists of ball milling PFAS with commercially available sodium silicate, an inexpensive and easy-to-handle reagent found to be superior to sodium phosphate or carbonate. This approach represents a promising step toward remediating the global PFAS crisis with a circular fluorine economy in mind.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Buffer and electrolyte conditions in vivo and in vitro are known to influence protein structure and function. Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are particularly sensitive to their solution conditions such as ionic strength and molecular crowding, and their dynamic structural ensembles rapidly respond to the cellular environment. While structural mass spectrometry (MS) techniques are uniquely able to capture aspects of this structural diversity, technical limitations have largely precluded the use of native MS and ion mobility (IM) to interrogate the conformations of IDPs in the presence of different buffers and biologically relevant concentrations of nonvolatile salts. Here, we overcome this challenge by employing sub-100 nm nanopipette electrospray ionization emitters that enable gentle and salt-tolerant analysis to study the conformational distribution of α-Synuclein (αS) monomers using native IM-MS in varied solution conditions, including in phosphate-buffered saline. We show using native MS that it is possible to capture salt- and buffer-induced changes in the αS conformational ensemble in commonly used biochemical buffers, which reflect structural changes from in silico predictions and in-solution measurements. This work demonstrates the power of nanopipette emitters for the study of IDPs and establishes native MS as a method that can be routinely used to study the conformational landscape of IDPs in nonvolatile and biologically relevant buffers.

Abstract licence: CC BY