Protionamide 250mg tablets

BACKGROUND: We concurrently developed a prospective study to assess clinical outcomes among patients receiving 9-month bedaquiline (BDQ)-containing regimens, aiming to provide valuable data on the use of this short-course regimen in China. METHODS: This open-label, randomized, controlled, multicenter, non-inferiority trial was conducted at sixteen hospitals, and enrolled participants aged 18 years and older with pulmonary rifampicin/multidrug tuberculosis. Participants were randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio. Individuals within the standard-regimen group received 6 months of BDQ, linezolid, levofloxacin, clofazimine, and cycloserine plus 12 months of levofloxacin, and any three potentially effective drugs from clofazimine, cycloserine pyrazinamide, ethambutol and protionamide, whereas individuals within shorter-regimen group received 9 months of BDQ, linezolid, levofloxacin, clofazimine and cycloserine. The primary outcome was the percentage of participants with a composite unfavorable outcome (treatment failure, death, treatment discontinuation, or loss to follow-up) by the end of the treatment course after randomization in the modified intention-to-treat population. The noninferiority margin was 10%. This trial was registered with www.chictr.org.cn , ChiCTR2000029012. RESULTS: Between Jan 1, 2020, and Dec 31, 2023, 264 were screened and randomly assigned, 132 of 264 participants were assigned to the standard-regimen group and 132 were assigned to the shorter-regimen. Thirty-three (12.55%) of 264 participants were excluded from the modified intention-to-treat analysis. As a result, 231 participants were included in the modified intention-to-treat analysis (116 in the standard-regimen group and 115 in the shorter-regimen group).In the modified intention-to-treat population, unfavorable outcomes were reported in 19 (16.5%) of 115 participants for whom the outcome was assessable in the shorter-regimen group and 26 (22.4%) of 116 participants in the standard care group (risk difference 5.9 percentage points (97.5% CI - 5.8 to 17.5)). One death was reported in the standard-regimen group. The incidence of QTcF prolongation in the shorter-regimen group (22.6%, 26/115) was similar to the standard-regimen group (24.1%, 28/116). CONCLUSIONS: The 9-month, all-oral regimen is safe and efficacious for the treatment of pulmonary rifampicin/multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The high incidence of QTc prolongation associated with the use of BDQ highlights the urgent need of routine electrocardiogram monitoring under treatment with BDQ-containing regimens in the Chinese population.

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Background: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an all-oral short-term regimen for treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Methods: In this semirandomized, controlled, multicenter clinical study, patients with MDR-TB who were sensitive to fluoroquinolones were assigned to treatment groups at enrollment. Patients were assigned to group C (4-6 months: bedaquiline + linezolid + clofazimine + moxifloxacin + cycloserine; 5 months: clofazimine + moxifloxacin + cycloserine) unless this protocol was unsuitable or unacceptable, in which case they were randomly assigned to group A (4-6 months: isoniazid + ethambutol + pyrazinamide + protionamide + amikacin + clofazimine + moxifloxacin; 5 months: ethambutol + pyrazinamide + clofazimine + moxifloxacin) or group B (4-6 months: isoniazid + ethambutol + pyrazinamide + protionamide + linezolid + clofazimine + moxifloxacin; 5 months: ethambutol + pyrazinamide + clofazimine + moxifloxacin). The primary outcome was the proportion of patients achieving successful outcomes. Results: From September 2020 to June 2023, 397 patients with MDR-TB were screened and 360 were enrolled. Among them, 90.3% of group C achieved good treatment outcomes, as compared with 57.1% in group A (control) and 75.0% in group B. Group C demonstrated higher sputum culture conversion and pulmonary cavity closure rates than group B, with group A showing the lowest rates. The most common adverse events were skin blackening (29.3%) and hyperuricemia (20.6%). Prolonged QT intervals were observed in 39 participants, predominantly in group C (24.3%). Conclusions: The all-oral 9- to 11-month short-term regimen shows promise as a new treatment option for MDR-TB. Incorporating bedaquiline into an orally administered regimen may improve treatment outcomes and reduce relapse rates. Despite certain limitations, these findings provide valuable insights for developing improved treatments for MDR-TB in China.

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ObjectivesTo evaluate the diagnostic value of targeted next generation sequencing (tNGS) in childhood tuberculosis (TB) and compare the accuracy with Xpert MTB/RIF method.MethodsChildren aged ≤18 years with symptoms suggestive of TB during July 2021 to December 2022 at Beijing Children's Hospital were included, and the performances of tNGS and Xpert were evaluated.ResultsA total of 103 children with suspected TB were recruited, including 72 discharge diagnosis of TB and 31 non-TB cases. The mean age was 7.37 ± 4.77 years, and 62.1 % were male. The most common type of specimens was gastric aspirate (GA) (59, 57.3 %). Among all the 72 TB patients, tNGS showed higher sensitivity than Xpert, but the difference was not significant (34.7 %, 25/72 vs 20.8 %, 15/72; P = 0.063). The specificities of tNGS and Xpert were 87.1 % (27/31) and 96.8 % (30/31), respectively (P = 0.162). Among different types of specimen, the highest sensitivity of tNGS on sputum and pus was observed (80.0 %, 4/5), followed by pleural effusion (50.0 %, 2/4). One rifampin resistance and one protionamide resistance were detected in bacteriologically confirmed TB by tNGS.ConclusiontNGS had a higher sensitivity but lower specificity compared to Xpert in diagnosis of children TB. tNGS yielded higher sensitivity than Xpert on gastric aspirate and sputum and pus.

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BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) and drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) are serious global public health problems. This study aimed to explore the differences in drug resistance between DR-TB patients with and without DM. Risk factors for developing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) were also investigated among DR-TB patients. METHODS: The patient's basic demographic, clinical characteristics, and drug susceptibility testing (DST) data were collected from the Chinese Disease Control Information System. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate the frequency and proportion of included variables. Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Chi-square tests for trends were used to determine changes and trends in MDR-TB and pre-extensively drug-resistantTB (pre-XDR-TB) patterns over time. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the risk factors of MDR-TB. RESULTS: Compared with DR-TB patients with DM, DR-TB patients without DM had significantly higher rates of mono-resistant streptomycin (SM) and any resistance to kanamycin (KM), but significantly lower rates of any resistance to protionamide (PTO) and mono-resistance to levofloxacin (LFX), and pre-XDR-TB (P<0.05). The proportion of resistance to other anti-TB drugs was not statistically different between the DR-TB with and without DM. Among DR-TB patients without and with DM, the proportion of patients with MDR-TB and pre-XDR-TB patterns showed a significant downward trend from 2016 to 2021 (P<0.05). Among DR-TB patients without DM, male, previously treated DR-TB cases, and immigration were risk factors for MDR-TB (P<0.05). In DR-TB patients with DM, a negative sputum smear is a risk factor for MDR-TB (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: There was no statistical difference in resistance patterns between DR-TB with and without DM, except in arbitrary resistance to PTO and KM, mono-resistant SM and LFX, and pre-XDR-TB. Great progress has been made in the prevention and control of MDR-TB and pre-XDR-TB. However, DR-TB patients with and without DM differ in their risk factors for developing MDR-TB.

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Multi-drug resistant tuberkulosis (MDR-TB) menyebabkan angka kesembuhan menjadi menurun. Secara global, angka kejadian MDR-TB pada tahun 2015-2020 relatif stabil namun terjadi peningkatan pada tahun 2021. Pada tahun 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) memperkirakan terdapat 437.000 kasus MDR-TB di dunia dan jumlah tersebut mengalami peningkatan menjadi 450.000 kasus pada tahun 2021. Adanya berbagai macam rejimen terapi yang direkomendasikan WHO maka perlu dilakukan sebuah kajian literatur yang memberikan gambaran tentang efektivitas terapi dan efek samping penggunaan obat pada kasus MDR-TB. Kajian ini akan memberikan keterbaruan informasi dan dapat dijadikan referensi untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengelola efek samping secara dini. Kajian literatur ini bersifat narrative review (kajian naratif) dengan mengumpulkan dan menelaah informasi dari berbagai artikel internasional tentang efektivitas dan efek samping pada penatalaksanaan MDR-TB. Pencarian artikel menggunakan database PubMed, PlosOne, dan ScienceDirect sejak Januari 2014 hingga Juni 2024. Sebanyak enam artikel relevan dari total 609 artikel yang disintesis. Secara deskriptif, efektivitas terapi MDR-TB menggunakan berbagai rejimen terapi dengan obat-obat yang direkomendasikan WHO menunjukkan angka kesembuhan yang tinggi (cured&gt;50%). Angka kejadian efek samping pada terapi MDR-TB lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan efektivitas terapi. Namun, pada penelitian yang dilakukan di Rumah sakit di Wuhan Jinyintan-China pada periode Juli 2019-Desember 2020, menunjukkan adanya efek samping yang timbul pada semua subjek penelitian. Efek samping tersebut antara lain: mual dan muntah akibat penggunaan protionamide, gatifloksasin, dan etambutol; hiperurisemia akibat penggunaan pirazinamid, dan hiperpigmentasi akibat klofazimin. Pemilihan rejimen terapi disarankan berdasarkan pada hasil pemeriksaan kultur, kondisi pasien, serta ketersediaan obat di masing-masing negara.

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OBJECTIVE The increasing incidence of new cases of drug resistant-TB (DR-TB) infection is worrisome, with high rates of new pulmonary morbidities occurring mostly among the vulnerable populations. The performance of diagnostic methods of GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay and phenotypic Drug Susceptibility Test (pDST) for detection of drug resistance among new cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infections was evaluated. METHODS Sputum samples (n = 546) from newly suspected MTB cases were analysed for phenotypic drug resistance using BACTEC MGIT (B-MGIT) and genotyped with xpert MTB/RIF assay. The predictive performance of B-MGIT culture-based methods and xpert MTB/RIF assay for MTB detection were determined. RESULTS Of the collected sputum samples (n = 546), the highest rates of phenotypic drug resistance (66.7%) were AFB3+ smear positive and MTB with detection rates of 98.2% and 92.7%, respectively, with B-GMIT and Xpert MTB/RIF (p = 0.63). B-MGIT detected higher resistance rates to isoniazide (inh) and rifampicin (rif) of more than 60.0%, and less than 20% resistance to ofloxacin (ofx) and protionamide (proth) compared to Xpert (p &lt; 0.05). B-MGIT had a higher detection rate (98.2%), sensitivity (87.8%), specificity (91.4%), positive predictive value (PPV) (95.8%) (95%CI: 0.778-1.04; p = 0.001) and likelihood of detection of rifampicin resistance (OR:5.76;95%CI:1.01-7.56) compared to Xpert MTB/RIF methods. B-MGIT provided higher AUC-rifampicin of 0.9339 (95%CI: 0.8398 to 1.000) than gene xpert (AUC-rifampicin = 0.9019 [95%CI: 0.7899 to 1.000]). B-MGIT is needed for further confirmation of new cases of MTB identified from acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear positive sputum. CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of B-MGIT examination of sputum in new TB cases would enhance early detection of drug resistant MTB, mostly from rifampicin negative sputum investigated with GeneXpert and mostly in low resource settings.

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China’s National Centralized Drug Procurement (NCDP) consolidates public-sector procurement demand and links guaranteed volumes to competitive tendering. The impact of this policy on reshaping the tuberculosis (TB) medicines market—specifically prices and expenditure, procurement volumes, and market structure—remains insufficiently quantified using time-series methods across multiple procurement cycles and hospital types. A hospital-stratified interrupted time series (ITS) study was conducted utilizing monthly public-hospital procurement data from January 2015 to December 2022. Six TB medicines included in national procurement rounds 2–4 comprised the intervention group: isoniazid, moxifloxacin, ethambutol, linezolid, levofloxacin, and pyrazinamide. Nine TB-related medicines not included in these rounds served as comparators: rifampicin, rifapentine, rifabutin, streptomycin, protionamide, cycloserine, p-aminosalicylic acid sodium, bedaquiline, and clofazimine. Analyses were stratified by hospital type (general versus TB-specialized hospitals) and drug classification (first-line versus second-line agents). Outcome measures included procurement volume, total expenditure and cost per defined daily dose (DDDc), market concentration, and the number of active manufacturers in hospital procurement. Segmented regression analysis estimated immediate level and subsequent slope changes. Sensitivity analyses with alternative comparator specifications assessed robustness and parallel trends assumptions. Following NCDP implementation, hospital procurement costs for TB medicines declined substantially across both hospital types. In general hospitals, expenditure decreased significantly. DDDc reductions were dramatic: linezolid decreased from approximately 800 Renminbi (RMB) to below 100 RMB; moxifloxacin from 99 RMB to 20 RMB; levofloxacin from 24 RMB to 9 RMB. Similar patterns were observed in specialized hospitals. Market structure effects exhibited heterogeneity: first-line drugs showed increased concentration with declining manufacturer participation, while second-line drugs demonstrated expanded supplier participation and decreased Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI). Sensitivity analyses confirmed robustness across alternative comparator specifications. The NCDP achieved substantial price and expenditure reductions for TB medicines whilst inducing heterogeneous effects on market structure—increased concentration for first-line drugs but expanded supplier participation and decreased market concentration for second-line drugs. TB-specialized hospitals, with higher baseline concentration and fewer suppliers, face heightened supply chain vulnerability. Given NCDP’s design—where hospitals independently select among winning suppliers and may procure non-winning products—policymakers should implement differentiated approaches: multi-winner tender designs to preserve supplier diversity for first-line drugs; strategic stockpiles and supplier qualification programs for specialized hospitals; and continued volume-price guarantees for second-line agents such as linezolid and moxifloxacin. Regular monitoring of market structure indicators across hospital types is essential to balance price efficiency with supply resilience. Not applicable. China’s National Centralized Drug Procurement (NCDP) policy, implemented in 2018, has been evaluated extensively for its effects on drug prices, volumes, and expenditures. Studies across therapeutic categories—including cardiovascular, antidiabetic, antibiotic, and antineoplastic drugs—have consistently demonstrated substantial price reductions (40–90%) and decreased healthcare expenditures following NCDP implementation. However, these evaluations have also revealed heterogeneous effects on market structure: while some drug categories experienced increased supplier participation, others showed market consolidation with reduced manufacturer numbers. Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health challenge in China. The TB drug market is characterized by several features that distinguish it from higher-revenue therapeutic areas such as cardiovascular and oncology drugs: narrow profit margins that limit manufacturer willingness to enter or remain in the market, a small number of active producers relative to the disease burden, limited investment in research and development of new agents, and heightened supply chain vulnerability due to concentrated supplier bases. As drug-resistant TB becomes increasingly prevalent, these features raise concerns about whether existing procurement mechanisms can simultaneously achieve price reductions and maintain adequate supplier diversity to ensure uninterrupted access to essential anti-TB medicines. The TB drug market in China exhibits unique structural features shaped by the country’s dual-track healthcare delivery system. General hospitals treat TB patients alongside other conditions in respiratory departments, typically managing the initial contagious phase and routine cases. TB-specialized hospitals, operating within China’s vertical disease control structure, focus on culturing TB strains, drug resistance testing, and treatment of drug-resistant TB with courses of 18–24 months. Under China’s NCDP, winning suppliers and bid prices are determined centrally through competitive tendering, but individual hospitals retain autonomy in selecting among winners and may procure non-winning products (including originator brands) beyond the agreed volume quota. Consequently, the clinical differences between hospital types—general hospitals primarily managing drug-susceptible TB alongside other conditions, versus specialized hospitals concentrating on drug-resistant TB with narrower but higher-volume anti-TB drug portfolios—are expected to translate into distinct procurement patterns and supplier selection dynamics. This institutional heterogeneity suggests that NCDP effects may differ substantially between hospital types, yet no systematic assessment has examined how centralized procurement specifically impacts the TB medicine market across multiple procurement cycles and hospital types. This study provides the first comprehensive, multi-batch interrupted time series (ITS) analysis of NCDP effects on the TB drug market, examining six anti-TB medicines across three procurement rounds (2020–2021). By stratifying analyses by hospital type—general versus TB-specialized hospitals—and by drug classification—first-line versus second-line agents—we capture the heterogeneous policy impacts across different hospital types and drug categories that aggregate analyses would obscure. Our findings reveal that NCDP achieved substantial price reductions across all included TB drugs, with cost per defined daily dose (DDDc) decreasing by 50–90% for high-cost agents such as linezolid (from approximately 800 Renminbi [Chinese Yuan, RMB] to below 100 RMB) and moxifloxacin (from 99 RMB to 20 RMB). These reductions were consistent across both general and specialized hospitals, demonstrating the policy’s effectiveness in improving TB drug affordability regardless of hospital type. However, the policy’s effects on market structure exhibited notable heterogeneity. For first-line drugs (isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide), market concentration increased following NCDP implementation (HHI − 0.04 to + 0.12), accompanied by reductions in active manufacturer numbers, indicating competitive pressure that may have crowded out smaller domestic producers. In contrast, second-line drugs (moxifloxacin, linezolid, levofloxacin) showed increased supplier participation post-NCDP, with manufacturer counts rising significantly (+ 0.57 to + 1.85 in general hospitals). This divergent pattern suggests that initial market structure and profit margins shape how centralized procurement affects supplier participation and market concentration. Under NCDP’s institutional design—where hospitals autonomously choose among winning suppliers and retain the right to procure non-winning products—the observed heterogeneity reflects how different drug categories and hospital types respond to the same centralized policy framework. Sensitivity analyses using alternative comparator specifications confirmed the robustness of these findings, with expenditure reductions, DDDc decreases, and market structure changes consistently replicated across analytical approaches. The stratified results further revealed that specialized hospitals—which operate with baseline HHI values of 0.42–0.94 for first-line drugs (0.31–0.85 for second-line drugs) compared to 0.17–0.26 and 0.07–0.63 respectively in general hospitals—face heightened supply vulnerability, highlighting the need for differentiated policy approaches by hospital type. This research demonstrates that centralized procurement can achieve dual objectives — reducing costs while potentially expanding market participation—but only when accompanied by appropriate policy safeguards. The divergent effects observed between first-line and second-line TB drugs indicate that uniform procurement approaches may produce unintended market consequences, particularly for essential medicines with narrow profit margins and low commercial attractiveness. For policymakers, our findings support three key recommendations aligned with the Global Plan to End TB 2023–2030: First, procurement frameworks should incorporate supplier diversity as a secondary evaluation criterion alongside price, implementing multi-winner tender designs that preserve competitive pressure while maintaining supply resilience. Second, given the heightened market concentration in TB-specialized hospitals, targeted interventions—including strategic stockpiles and supplier qualification programs—should be prioritized for medicines critical to drug-resistant TB treatment regimens. Third, regular monitoring of market structure indicators (HHI, manufacturer counts) should be integrated into NCDP evaluation frameworks to enable early detection and correction of excessive concentration trends. For future research, this study establishes the importance of stratified analyses when evaluating centralized procurement policies. Correlating procurement data with clinical outcomes, drug-resistance surveillance, and pharmaceutical innovation metrics will provide a more comprehensive understanding of how NCDP shapes the TB care landscape. Such integrated assessments are essential for optimizing procurement policies that balance immediate affordability gains with long-term supply security and continued therapeutic innovation in the fight against tuberculosis.

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Tuberculosis is one of the deadliest bacterial infections globally, and Nigeria accounts for an estimated 4.4% of the global TB burden. This study aims to assess the availability and inventory management of tuberculosis drugs and diagnostics at Directly Observed Treatment Short Courses (DOTs) centers in Katsina Central Senatorial District. A cross-sectional descriptive survey involving qualitative and quantitative methods was carried out using a semi-structured questionnaire adapted from the USAID logistics system assessment tool. Ten (10) DOTs centers were selected using a multi-stage sampling method. Data was collected through direct observation and interviews of the DOTs Officers, Local Government Tuberculosis Supervisors, the Logistics Officer of the Tuberculosis Program, and pharmacists from the State Drugs and Medical Supply Agency. It was found that all the drugs for the treatment of Drug Sensitive Tuberculosis were in stock at the central store; however, for the treatment of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, only moxifloxacin, clofazimine, and protionamide were in stock. At the DOTs centres, all the drugs for the treatment of Drug Sensitive Tuberculosis were in stock in 9 (90%) of the facilities, and 6 (60%) of the facilities had access to sputum microscopy tools for the initial diagnosis of tuberculosis. Some drugs for the treatment of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis were in stock in only 1(10%) of the facilities. The drugs in stock cannot complete any of the treatment regimens for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Only 3(30%) of the facilities can detect rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis using either Gene Xpert or Trunat, while none of the facilities have the capacity to detect M. tuberculosis resistance to isoniazid and other second-line drugs. Stock cards were available in all DOTs centres where drugs are available, but 6 (56%) of the facilities update them in real-time, and 7(67%) of the facilities conduct a periodic physical inventory. First-line drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis were generally available, and the availability of initial diagnostic tools/machines for tuberculosis was fairly adequate. However, the drugs for the treatment of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis were generally out of stock. Furthermore, the inventory management of the Tuberculosis commodities needs improvement.

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The treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in children is a difficult task, which is associated with the duration of therapy and the high frequency of severe adverse reactions. Non-injection regimens and shortened treatment courses are especially in demand in children, including young children. To determine the safety and efficacy of bedaquiline in children in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. In 2020-2024, 105 children aged 6-17 years with respiratory tuberculosis with MDR-TB and MDR risk were treated. 45.7% of children had bacterial excretion. The treatment regimen included bedaquiline, linezolid, and levofloxacin. The regimen was supplemented with up to 4-5 drugs with terizidone and/or pyrazinamide/protionamide, depending on the results of the MBT drug sensitivity test. After 24 weeks, the treatment was continued without bedaquiline. The main course of treatment was 12-15 months. The safety of treatment was assessed by clinical symptoms, ALT, AST levels, and the duration of the QTc interval on the ECG. The effectiveness was assessed by clinical and radiological dynamics and the cessation of bacterial excretion. The results of the study: 20 children complained of moderate pain in large joints in the first month of treatment. Positive clinical and radiological dynamics was observed by 24 weeks of treatment in 84 people, by 12 months - in all patients. Bacterial excretion in children was stopped in 100% of cases after 2 months of treatment. Injection-free treatment regimens with the inclusion of bedaquiline, linezolid and fluoroquinolones in children with MDR-TB are safe and effective.

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Background The incidence and infection rate of Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) are increasing across different regions, with regional variations in the types, distribution, and drug resistance profiles. Our objective was to investigate the risk factors, distribution of predominant Mycobacteria species, and phenotypic drug resistance profiles in co-infected HIV/AIDS patients in southern China. Methods Blood and sputum samples were collected from 2,985 HIV/AIDS patients without prior history of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in five designated hospitals in Guangxi, southern China from January 2019 to December 2020. Univariate analysis and binary logistic regression models were used to explore the related risk factors of HIV/AIDS patients with NTM infection and those with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection, respectively. Interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) tests and CD4+ counts were performed on blood samples, Roche medium was used for sputum culture, and positive isolates underwent species identification and drug susceptibility testing. Results Mycobacterium tuberculosis and NTM culture positivity rates were 1.2% (35/2985) and 2.2% (66/2985), respectively ( χ 2 = 9.679, p = 0.002). Predominant NTM pathogens were Mycobacterium avium (28.8%, 19/66), Mycobacterium fortuitum (21.2%, 14/66), and Mycobacterium chelonae/abscessus complex (16.7%, 11/66). Multivariate analysis revealed cough (Adj. OR: 192.47, 95% CI : 15.71–2357.63, p &amp;lt; 0.001) and farming (Adj. OR: 20.92, 95% CI : 1.33–328.93, p = 0.031) as risk factors for NTM co-infection, whereas other pulmonary symptoms increased risk of MTB infection (Adj. OR: 3.37, 95% CI : 1.03–11.08, p = 0.045). Cough significantly differed between NTM and MTB groups ( χ 2 = 66.070, p &amp;lt; 0.001). Sixty-six NTM strains were tested for resistance to 10 common antibiotics. The drug resistance rates of para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), Isoniazid (INH), Levofloxacin (LFX), Kanamycin (K), Ethambutol (EMB), Capreomycin (CPM), Rifampin (RFP), Moxifloxacin (MFX) and Amikacin (AM) exceeded 50.0%., while Protionamide (TH1321) was 25.8%. There was no significant in interferon status distribution across CD4+ counts groups ( p = 0.574). Conclusion For HIV/AIDS patients presenting with cough symptoms, it is recommended that molecular biology techniques be employed concurrently with MTB testing to screen for and identify NTM, thereby clarifying the specific type of mycobacterial infection present. IGRA cannot completely distinguish MTB from NTM, and more auxiliary examinations are needed.

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