Proflavine 0.1% solution

Methylene blue and proflavine are fluorescent dyes used to stain nucleic acid from the molecular level to the tissue level. Already clinically used for sentinel node mapping, detection of neuroendocrine tumors, methemoglobinemia, septic shock, ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy, and photodynamic inactivation of RNA viruses, the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effect of methylene blue has been demonstrated in different in vitro and in vivo studies. Proflavine was used as a disinfectant and bacteriostatic agent against many gram-positive bacteria, as well as a urinary antiseptic involved in highlighting cell nuclei. At the tissue level, the anti-inflammatory effects of methylene blue protect against pulmonary, renal, cardiac, pancreatic, ischemic-reperfusion lesions, and fevers. First used for their antiseptic and antiviral activity, respectively, methylene blue and proflavine turned out to be excellent dyes for diagnostic and treatment purposes. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that both dyes are efficient as perfusion and tissue tracers and permitted to evaluate the minimal efficient concentration in different species, as well as their pharmacokinetics and toxicity. This review aims to identify the optimal concentrations of methylene blue and proflavine that can be used for in vivo experiments to highlight the vascularization of the skin in the case of a perforasome (both as a tissue tracer and in vascular mapping), as well as their effects on tissues. This review is intended to be a comparative and critical presentation of the possible applications of methylene blue (MB) and proflavine (PRO) in the surgical field, and the relevant biomedical findings from specialized literature to date are discussed as well.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Proflavine finds a wide array of applications in clinical, therapeutic, industrial and cutting edge research. This study investigates properties of proflavine and brings out its current status based on overall merits and demerits. Review was carried out starting from late 1800s to 2017 about all aspects of proflavine. We have accessed digital libraries in University of Cambridge, Oxford University, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology through their institutional repository software. Popular open source solutions like DSpace, EPrints, Digital Commons, Fedora Commons, Islandora and Hydra were included. Proflavine finds many applications including as an anti microbial agent and often used as a topical agent. This compound denatures bacterial DNA leading to lysis of bacteria. Due to its intercalating property it affects host DNA, which has potential chances to induce skin cancer and other malignancies. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) released by proflavine play a crucial role in denaturing host DNA. Proflavine can penetrate beyond epidermal and dermal structures and accumulate in cell nuclei. In human cell culture proflavine is known to be taken up by many kinds of cells and is concentrated in the nuclei. Our studies revealed that despite its oncogenic potential, proflavine currently finds its applications in therapeutic, diagnostic and in research not alone in developing countries but also in developed countries. Proflavine exhibited wide potent activity against various groups of microorganisms. After exposure in human skin proflavine alters the structure of epidermal DNA strands leading to mutation. Many industrial workers, researchers, health care professionals are exposed to proflavine in enormous amounts daily through oral, respiratory and cutaneous routes. We conclude that even though proflavine has strong antimicrobial and other uses due to its carcinogenic nature, we recommend that it is time to rethink the use of this compound and to search for good alternative replacement.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND

Proflavine sulphate dye is acknowledged as a hazardous substance detrimental to both human health and the environment. Consequently, our primary objective was to put forth a straightforward, effective, and economical method for purifying water contaminated with proflavine sulphate dye. The efficacy of a tea-bag tissue (TBT) that utilizes a membrane made of cellulosic material has been evaluated for its potential as an adsorbent to remove proflavine sulphate from water. This assessment was conducted using pH 8 for the batch equilibrium approach. The adsorption investigations encompassed variables such as contact time, adsorbent mass, adsorbate concentration, and pH (with the determination of the adsorbent's pH at the point of zero charge, pHPZC). These studies indicate that a TBT is a promising membrane for effectively removing proflavine sulphate dye from water at a pH of 8. This conclusion is supported by its notable uptake capacity (%), rapid adsorption rate (achieving equilibrium within approximately 60–70 s), and high regeneration efficiency (approximately 86.98 %). The latter suggests the reversibility of the sorption process without compromising binding efficiency. The isothermal characteristics and adsorption kinetics of proflavine sulphate on the surface of the TBT were explored in relation to temperature variations and the initial mass of the TBT. The findings indicate a strong correlation between the experimental adsorption data and both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations. Moreover, the adsorption process is most accurately described by the pseudo 2nd order model. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps for cellulose and proflavine sulphate, based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, were examined to elucidate charge-dependent properties and potential interactions between the adsorbent (cellulose) and the adsorbate (proflavine sulphate). According to the data, the main interaction between the two compounds is caused by their H bonds with one another.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC

Electrochemical DNA sensors for DNA damage detection based on electroactive polymer poly(proflavine) (PPFL) that was synthesized at screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) from phosphate buffer (PB) and two natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) consisting of citric or malonic acids, D-glucose, and a certain amount of water (NADES1 and NADES2) were developed. Poly(proflavine) coatings obtained from the presented media (PPFLPB, PPFLNADES1, and PPFLNADES2) were electrochemically polymerized via the multiple cycling of the potential or potentiostatic accumulation and used for the discrimination of thermal and oxidative DNA damage. The electrochemical characteristics of the poly(proflavine) coatings and their morphology were assessed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The working conditions for calf thymus DNA implementation and DNA damage detection were estimated for all types of poly(proflavine) coatings. The voltammetric approach made it possible to distinguish native and chemically oxidized DNA while the impedimetric approach allowed for the successful recognition of native, thermally denatured, and chemically oxidized DNA through changes in the charge transfer resistance. The influence of different concentrations of conventional antioxidants and pharmaceutical preparations on oxidative DNA damage was characterized.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Despite the wide use of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for binding energy predictions in biomolecular systems, results from single MD simulations are non-reproducible and often deviate from experimental values, even when longer simulations are used. This study addresses these limitations using ensemble MD simulations for the formation of DNA-intercalator complexes. Twenty-five replicas of short (10 ns) and long (100 ns) MD simulations were performed on different intercalators binding into DNA. The MM/PBSA and MM/GBSA binding energies of the Doxorubicin intercalating into DNA, including entropy and deformation energy corrections, are -7.3 ± 2.0 kcal/mol and -8.9 ± 1.6 kcal/mol, using 25 replicas of 100 ns. These values were closely reproduced even with shorter simulations of 10 ns, where the energies, averaged over 25 replicas, are -7.6 ± 2.4 kcal/mol (MM/PBSA) and -8.3 ± 2.9 kcal/mol (MM/GBSA). In both cases, the energies align well with the experimental range of -7.7 ± 0.3 to -9.9 ± 0.1 kcal/mol. This shows that reproducibility and accuracy of the binding energies depend more on the number of replicas than on the simulation length. The study was repeated for the DNA-Proflavine system, where the corrected MM/PBSA and MM/GBSA binding energies, averaged over 25 replicas of 10 ns each, are -5.6 ± 1.4 and -5.3 ± 2.3 kcal/mol, respectively. These are congruent with the experimental range of -5.9 to -7.1 kcal/mol. Bootstrap analyses revealed that 6 replicas of 100 ns or 8 replicas of 10 ns provide a good balance between computational efficiency and accuracy within 1.0 kcal/mol from experimental values.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND