Prasterone 10mg / Calcium carbonate 47mg tablets

In this review, microbiological and molecular concepts of Microbially induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) and their role in bioconcrete are discussed. MICP is a widespread biochemical process in soils, caves, freshwater, marine sediments and hypersaline habitats. MICP is an outcome of metabolic interactions between diverse microbial communities with organic and/or inorganic compounds present in environment. Some of the major metabolic processes involved in MICP at different levels are urea hydrolysis, denitrification, dissimilatory sulfate reduction and photosynthesis. Currently, MICP directed by urea hydrolysis, denitrification and dissimilatory sulfate reduction has been reported to aid in development of bioconcrete and demonstrated improvement in mechanical and structural properties of concrete. Bioconcrete is a promising sustainable technology in reducing the negative environmental impacts due to CO2 emission from construction sector and as well as in terms of economic benefits by way of promoting self-healing process of the concrete structures. Among the metabolic processes mentioned above, urea hydrolysis is the most applied in concrete repair mechanisms. MICP by urea hydrolysis is induced by a series of reactions driven by urease (Ur) and carbonic anhydrase (CA). Catalytic activity of these two enzymes depends on diverse parameters, which are currently being studied under laboratory conditions to understand the biochemical mechanisms involved and their regulation in microorganisms. It is clearly evident that microbiological and molecular components are essential to improve the process and performance of bioconcrete.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Various new strategies have been recently developed to produce CaCO 3 micro-/nanoparticles with controlled size, morphology, polymorphism and crystallinity, which are then surface modified, functionalized and hierarchically assembled to yield medical, environmental, and energy materials.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Disposal of massive amounts of eggshells and seashells from processing industries is a challenge. In recent years, there has been a focus to reuse these waste resources in the production of new thermoplastic and thermoset polymer materials. This paper reviews eggshell and seashell production by country and provides a perspective on the quantity of bio-calcium carbonate that could be produced annually from these wastes. The achievements obtained from the addition of recycled bio-calcium carbonate fillers (uncoated/unmodified) in polymer composites with a focus on tensile strength, flexural strength and impact toughness are discussed. To improve compatibility between calcium carbonate (mineral and bio-based) fillers and polymers, studies on surface modifiers are reviewed. Knowledge gaps and future research and development thoughts are outlined. Developing novel and innovative composites for this waste material could bring additional revenue to egg and seafood processors and at the same time reduce any environmental impact.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Nowadays, microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) has received great attention for its potential in construction and geotechnical applications. This technique has been used in biocementation of sand, consolidation of soil, production of self-healing concrete or mortar, and removal of heavy metal ions from water. The products of MICP often have enhanced strength, durability, and self-healing ability. Utilization of the MICP technique can also increase sustainability, especially in the construction industry where a huge portion of the materials used is not sustainable. The presence of bacteria is essential for MICP to occur. Bacteria promote the conversion of suitable compounds into carbonate ions, change the microenvironment to favor precipitation of calcium carbonate, and act as precipitation sites for calcium carbonate crystals. Many bacteria have been discovered and tested for MICP potential. This paper reviews the bacteria used for MICP in some of the most recent studies. Bacteria that can cause MICP include ureolytic bacteria, non-ureolytic bacteria, cyanobacteria, nitrate reducing bacteria, and sulfate reducing bacteria. The most studied bacterium for MICP over the years is Sporosarcina pasteurii. Other bacteria from Bacillus species are also frequently investigated. Several factors that affect MICP performance are bacterial strain, bacterial concentration, nutrient concentration, calcium source concentration, addition of other substances, and methods to distribute bacteria. Several suggestions for future studies such as CO2 sequestration through MICP, cost reduction by using plant or animal wastes as media, and genetic modification of bacteria to enhance MICP have been put forward.

Abstract licence: CC BY

The recent successful application of lipid-based nanoparticles as delivery vehicles in COVID-19 vaccines demonstrated the superior potential of nanoparticle-based technology for targeted drug delivery in biomedicine. Among novel, rapidly advancing delivery platforms, the inorganic nano/microparticles gradually reach new heights and attract well-deserved attention among scientists and clinicians. Calcium carbonate in its vaterite form is used as a biocompatible carrier for a progressively increasing number of biomedical applications. Its growing popularity is conferred by beneficial porosity of particles, high mechanical stability, biodegradability under certain physiological conditions, ability to provide a continuous steady release of bioactives, preferential safety profile, and low cost, which make calcium carbonate a suitable entity of highly efficacious formulations for controlled drug delivery and release. The focal point of the current review is the success of the recent vaterite applications in the delivery of various diagnostics and therapeutic drugs. The manuscript highlights the nuances of drug loading in vaterite particles, connecting it with particle morphology, size, and charge of the loaded molecules, payload concentration, mono- or multiple drug loading. The manuscript also depicts recent successful methods of increasing the loading capacity developed for vaterite carriers. In addition, the review describes the various administration routes for vaterite particles with bioactive payloads, which were reported in recent years. Special attention is given to the multi-drug-loaded vaterite particles (“molecular cocktails”) and reports on their successful delivery in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND