Potassium perchlorate 200mg capsules

Ammonium perchlorate (AP) has been widely used as an oxidizer in propellants and military mixed explosives in recent years. However, its high characteristic signal, environmental pollution, and poor detonation performance have prompted the industry to seek alternatives to AP. Ammonium nitrate (AN) is a suitable substitute due to its low characteristic signal, lack of pollution, and excellent detonation performance. However, its room-temperature phase transition and hygroscopicity affect its practical use. In this work, we prepared mixed crystal coprecipitation (MCC) materials of AN and potassium perchlorate (KP) using the evaporative solvent method. The characterization of AN/KP MCCs was carried out by combining TG-DSC, XRD, FT-IR, and SEM analysis, revealing that the formation of MCCs by AN and KP is due to ion exchange between the two components. AN/KP MCCs not only solve the problem of room-temperature phase transition in AN but also reduce its hygroscopicity. Furthermore, AN/KP MCCs have mechanical sensitivity, explosive performance, and specific impulse similar to pure AN, but compared to AN, AN/KP MCCs have higher density, effective oxygen content, and thermal stability. Compared with existing oxidizers AN, AP, and KP, AN/KP MCCs with high density, low sensitivity, high oxygen content, and high safety have obvious advantages and have good prospects in the application of oxidizers in solid propellants and military mixed explosives.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND

Imidazolium-based ionic liquids bearing a homologous series of oxychlorine anions—1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chlorite, chlorate, and perchlorate—were synthesized and characterized to relate anion oxygenation to density, thermal expansivity, viscosity, electrical and molar conductivity, ionicity, and antimicrobial performance. Temperature-dependent measurements were carried out from 293.15 to 323.15 K: density and viscosity were recorded and modeled to obtain thermal expansion coefficients; electrical and molar conductivities were measured under identical conditions; and activation parameters were extracted by Arrhenius analysis for viscous flow and for conductivity. Ionicity was assessed from Walden plots and quantified by vertical deviation from the potassium-chloride reference (Angell approach). Complementary DFT calculations provided optimized ion-pair geometries, noncovalent contact patterns, molecular electrostatic potential maps, and frontier-orbital descriptors. In silico ADMET properties were computed to contextualize pharmacokinetic and safety flags. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by broth microdilution against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Candida quilliermondii; [Bmim]Cl was included as a comparator to isolate the effect of anion oxygenation. The combined experimental–computational workflow delineates how chlorite, chlorate, and perchlorate shape physicochemical behavior, ionicity, and bioactivity in [Bmim] ionic liquids, providing design guidance for future applications.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Perchlorate is a toxic, regulated contaminant in drinking water. According to previous isotopic studies, much of the perchlorate deposited to the Earth’s surface is formed in the atmosphere, with 36 Cl suggesting a large contribution from the stratosphere. Here, we present measurements of perchlorate in stratospheric aerosol particles and confirm that the stratosphere is an important source of perchlorate, whereas we did not observe production in the troposphere. Mass mixing ratios of aerosol perchlorate in the stratosphere were 1 to 10 parts per trillion by mass (pptm), with the highest concentrations observed in summer and in the Southern Hemisphere. Almost all of the perchlorate is in biomass burning and nitrogen-rich particles, despite those types contributing only a few percent of the aerosol particles. Such particles are less acidic than the majority of sulfuric acid particles. If the formation of perchlorate is sensitive to acidity, then the injection of some materials for solar radiation modification might significantly increase the global production of perchlorate.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND

Background. Treatment of patients with comorbid pathology, including hypertension, coronary heart disease with atrial fibrillation, often requires the use of amiodarone. Unfortunately, the latter in some cases is accompanied by complications, inclu­ding thyroid dysfunction. The most serious situation develops when amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis occurs, which leads to an additional toxic effect on the myocardium and changes in the sensitivity of the cardiovascular system to catecholamines. The manifestation of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis is not always typical, which causes certain difficulties in diagnosis and treatment, especially in geriatric patients with comorbid conditions. The purpose of the study: to analyze a clinical case of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxi­cosis type 1 in an elderly patient suffering from hypertension and coronary heart disease with a previous myocardial infarction, heart rhythm disorders; to find out the peculiarities of clinical manifestations of thyroid dysfunction, approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Materials and methods. A clinical case of treatment of a patient with cardiovascular pathology complicated by the development of thyroid dysfunction when using amiodarone is considered: the data of medical history, objective examination, results of laboratory and instrumental research and treatment outcomes are presented and analyzed. Results. Patient P. aged 88 years old was hospitali­zed to the cardiology department with clinical signs of thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy, encephalopathy, myopathy, dermopathy. He has been sick for about 45 years, has a history of myocardial infarction; received antihypertensive drugs, statins, nitrates, and antithrombotic drugs on a permanent basis. Given the severity of the condition and the occurrence of atrial fibrillation, amiodarone 200 mg daily was prescribed a year ago. Examination of the patient revealed a signi­ficant weight loss, signs of heart failure stage IIA with a decrease in ejection fraction to 34–36 %, combined rhythm disturbances, in particular atrial fibrillation. According to the laboratory and instrumental examination, there was a sharp decrease in thyroid-stimulating hormone to 0.007 μIU/ml with a moderate increase in free T4 and almost normal size of the thyroid gland, moderately increased echogenicity with areas of hypervascularization and a small heterogeneous node in the right lobe. In addition, an increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mild anemia, and slight hypercreatininemia were observed. Taking into account the comorbid pathology, the age of the patient, changes in the thyroid gland simultaneously with thyroid dysfunction, progression of heart failure and heart rhythm disturbances against the background of long-term amiodarone administration, a diagnosis of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis type 1 was made. First of all, amiodarone was discontinued, thiama­zole 20 mg daily was prescribed, as well as anti-anemic and sedative drugs. Potassium perchlorate was not used. After four months, it was possible to achieve an euthyroid state without adverse reactions from thyrostatic therapy. No recurrence of thyrotoxicosis was observed during the year. Conclusions. Considering that the use of amiodarone in comorbid elderly patients, including those with predominant cardiovascular manifestations, may be accompanied by damage to the thyroid gland, it is necessary to carefully monitor the state and function of the gland, both before prescribing the drug and during therapy to avoid possible development of amiodarone-induced conditions, especially thyrotoxicosis. Treatment of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis type 1 must include thyrostatic therapy, with the do­sage adjusted based on the patient’s age, comorbid conditions. The duration should be determined by the achievement of euthyroidism with further medical support.

Abstract licence: CC BY

The conventional propellant used in rocket boosters and tactical missiles commonly utilises ammonium perchlorate (AP). However, the release of harmful chloride fumes resulting from the combustion of AP during rocket launches contributes to a 1% increase in air pollution. Generally, the perchlorate-based propellants contribute to pollution by hydrochloric acid (HCl), which can contaminate launch sites and potentially deplete the ozone layer. Several techniques have been employed to convert standard AP-based composite solid propellant (CSP) into green propellant. This study designed a minimum chlorine content propellant containing potassium permanganate, KMnO 4 /AP as a dual oxidiser and examined its properties in CSP formulation. This novel KMnO 4 /AP was characterised in terms of morphological structure, elemental analysis, and thermal decomposition properties by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), respectively. Additionally, heat of combustion analysis was examined through bomb calorimetry. The chlorine content investigations were experimentally carried out, and the results were compared with conventional AP-based CSP using gas bubbling and Mohr’s titration method. From thermal decomposition analysis, sample KMnO 4 /AP (40:60) shifted high temperature decomposition (HTD) of AP to a lowest temperature of 331.32 °C with the highest heat release of 3721.2 J/g. Besides, sample KMnO 4 /AP (80:20) shows the highest reduction of chlorine concentration content with a reduction percentage of 58.25%. Besides, KMnO 4 /AP (40:60) sample resulted in the highest value of heat of combustion with a value of 1254.01 cal/g. This study contributes to the development of environmentally friendly and sustainable oxidisers for solid rocket propellant applications. • Morphological analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that composite solid propellant (CSP) samples appeared darker and rougher as the potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) to ammonium perchlorate (AP) ratio increased. • The KMnO 4 /AP (40:60) CSP sample showed the best catalytic performance by reducing AP's HTD from 392.1 °C to 331.32 °C and releasing the most heat at 3721.2 J/g during decomposition. • KMnO 4 /AP (40:60) CSP sample exhibits the highest heat of combustion value of 1254.01cal/g, thus exhibits the highest combustion efficiency percentage of 100.2%. • A higher ratio of KMnO 4 /AP results in a higher percentage of decrease in chlorine concentration, as the KMnO 4 /AP CSP (80:20) sample resulted in the largest reduction of 58.25% in chlorine content. • This study will contribute to the development of environmentally friendly oxidiser in which providing a promising candidate for solid rocket motor applications.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND