Potassium chloride 600mg / Potassium bicarbonate 400mg (total potassium 12mmol) effervescent tablets sugar free

Abstract Patients with short QT syndrome (SQTS) may present with syncope, ventricular fibrillation or sudden cardiac death. Six SQTS susceptibility genes, encoding cation channels, explain <25% of SQTS cases. Here we identify a missense mutation in the anion exchanger (AE3)-encoding SLC4A3 gene in two unrelated families with SQTS. The mutation causes reduced surface expression of AE3 and reduced membrane bicarbonate transport. Slc4a3 knockdown in zebrafish causes increased cardiac pH i , short QTc, and reduced systolic duration, which is rescued by wildtype but not mutated SLC4A3 . Mechanistic analyses suggest that an increase in pH i and decrease in [Cl − ] i shortened the action potential duration. However, other mechanisms may also play a role. Altered anion transport represents a mechanism for development of arrhythmia and may provide new therapeutic possibilities.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Potassium (K) is an essential element, which is often supplied to horticultural crops via foliar spraying. Some studies have investigated the effect of different foliar-applied K compounds; however, most studies have focussed on crop quality and yield parameters, or were performed with isolated leaf cuticles. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rates of the foliar ion penetration and leaf surface deposition of 130 mM K sprays of compounds with markedly different point of deliquescence (POD) and efflorescence (POE) values, the rates having been previously estimated in climate chamber trials. Shoots of field-grown, commercial olive trees were sprayed with K-nitrate (KNO3), K-sulphate (K2SO4), K-chloride (KCl), K-phosphate (K3PO4), K-carbonate (K2CO3) and K-bicarbonate (KHCO3), and leaf samples were collected after 3 and 24 h. Cation and anion concentrations were determined in the leaf tissues, and in a preliminary leaf water wash for estimating surface-deposited ion concentrations. No significant leaf tissue K increments were recorded between the K sprays. Olive tissue anion concentrations showed different patterns, and a chloride (Cl−) increase was detected 3 h after the foliar KCl supply. On the other hand, the foliar K applications led to leaf nitrate changes regardless of the K source supplied. High amounts of K and accompanying ions were recovered in the washing liquid of the foliar K-supplied leaves. Some foliar K treatments increased the leaf surface concentration of sulphate and chloride, suggesting a potential effect on leaf cell anion extrusion. Hence, despite no evidence of foliar K uptake, an effect of leaf anion concentrations was observed, indicating that foliar nutrient sprays may influence leaf and leaf surface anion balance.

Abstract licence: CC BY

This work aims to develop an approach for the systematic determination of the formation and sublimation enthalpies of inorganic compounds using the examples of potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, and potassium formate. The standard enthalpies of formation in the solid and gas phases are determined using solution calorimetry and the G4 method, respectively, while the enthalpies of sublimation are calculated from lattice energies. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the PBE‐D3/projector‐augmented‐wave level are well‐suited to determine sublimation enthalpies based on lattice energies and thus to validate the standard enthalpies of formation of inorganic compounds in the solid and gas phases. The uncertainty associated with the determination of standard formation enthalpies in the solid phase using solution calorimetry is roughly 0.5 kJ·mol −1 , while the uncertainty of sublimation enthalpies from DFT calculations is approximately less than 10 kJ·mol −1 , consistent with recent benchmark studies on representative molecular test sets. Given that the determination of sublimation enthalpies for salts based on vapor pressures is currently not feasible with existing techniques, DFT calculations are a promising approach for determining this quantity. In conclusion, the combination of solution calorimetry and quantum‐chemical calculations offers a consistent framework for determining key thermodynamic properties of inorganic salts.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) is a rare but recognized renal complication of Sjögren's syndrome (SS), often resulting from autoimmune-mediated damage to acid-base transporters in the distal nephron. It commonly presents with electrolyte abnormalities including hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis. A 47-year-old woman with chronic kidney disease presented with recurrent hypokalemia, mild proteinuria, and sicca symptoms. Workup revealed non-anion gap metabolic acidosis, a positive urine anion gap, and renal potassium wasting consistent with dRTA. Autoimmune testing showed a high-titer ANA (1:1280) and elevated SSA (>8.0), confirming SS. Renal biopsy revealed mild interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis without evidence of tubulointerstitial nephritis or immune complex deposition. This finding supports prior evidence that SS-associated dRTA may occur secondary to functional tubular defects involving distal nephron transporters, even in the absence of overt inflammatory histologic changes. Acid-base disturbances improved with potassium and bicarbonate supplementation. This case highlights that significant tubular dysfunction in SS may occur despite minimal or absent histologic evidence of tubulointerstitial nephritis. dRTA in SS may result from autoimmune targeting of distal nephron transporters such as H⁺-ATPase and anion exchanger 1. Early recognition and supportive treatment are essential to prevent complications including nephrolithiasis, progressive kidney dysfunction, and life-threatening hypokalemia. SS should be considered in patients presenting with unexplained dRTA, and timely correction of electrolyte abnormalities is critical to optimizing outcomes.

Abstract licence: CC BY