Paracetamol 500mg / Caffeine 65mg effervescent tablets sugar free

Background: Energy drinks (EDs) are non-alcoholic, functional beverages sold worldwide in more than 165 countries. These products are very popular and often consumed by children, teenagers, and young adults to improve physical performance, reduce drowsiness, and improve memory and concentration with increased intellectual effort. However, their consumption is associated with an increased risk of various health consequences. Objectives: The purpose of this non-systematic review was to discuss the components of EDs and their effects, summarize the AEs reported in the literature associated with the consumption of EDs, and briefly characterize the possible ED-related drug interactions. Methods: Scientific evidence was extracted by searching the databases PubMed and Google Scholar. In addition, the reference lists of the retrieved papers were reviewed and cross-referenced to reveal additional relevant scientific evidence. Results: The most common ingredients in EDs are caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone, B vitamins, the vitamin-like compound inositol, and sweeteners (sugar, fructose, glucose-fructose syrup or artificial sweeteners). Although it is difficult to conclusively prove a cause-and-effect relationship between the consumption of EDs and the observed pathophysiological abnormalities, most scientific evidence (mostly clinical case reports) indicates that both occasional and especially chronic use of EDs is associated with the occurrence of numerous adverse effects (AEs). Among these, the best documented AEs are those on the cardiovascular system. It should also be noted that the components of EDs (primarily caffeine) may have drug interactions; therefore, EDs may be an important factor influencing the safety of pharmacotherapy in patients consuming EDs. Conclusions: Consuming energy drinks lead to various health problems and may interfere with pharmacotherapy due to the potential development of drug interactions. Due to the widespread availability of EDs, their suggestive advertising aimed at the youngest customers, and ambiguous regulations, new legislative policies are required to limit the widespread consumption of such products and their negative health effects.

Abstract licence: CC BY

This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and paracetamol-caffeine in controlling orthodontic pain induced during different stages of leveling and alignment orthodontic treatment. Fifty-four patients with mild to moderate crowded arches were enrolled. Elastomeric separators were placed, followed by fixed appliance bonding one week later. Archwires were replaced according to a predefined sequence until reaching the final 0.019 × 0.025-inch stainless steel wires. The first group received a beam of GaAlAs-Laser before separator placement or any archwire replacement, whereas the second group received paracetamol-caffeine tablets (the drug). Patients in the control group did not receive any procedure. A numeric rating scale (NRS) was used to assess spontaneous and chewing pain immediately, after 1, 24, 48 h, one week, and on the next visit of any replacement. The pain perception reached its peak after 24 h of any replacement. The intensity of pain after 24 and 48 h of separators’ placement and initial archwires’ engagement was significantly greater than pain induced by 0.016, 0.016 × 0.022, 0.017 × 0.025, and 0.019 × 0.025 NiTi and 0.019 × 0.025 SS archwires in all groups for spontaneous and chewing pain scores. Pain scores in the LLLT group were significantly smaller than those of the control group after 48 h of separation and after 24 and 48 h of rectangular archwire insertion. No significant differences were observed between the drug and control groups. The highest pain levels were induced during the initial stages (separation and initial archwire) of orthodontic treatment. LLLT was able to reduce the peak of high-level pain just during separation and was not highly effective throughout the treatment course. On the other hand, the paracetamol-caffeine combination was not very effective in reducing pain perception throughout the treatment course. This trial was registered at Clinical Trials.gov (Identifier NCT03400111), registered on 17/01/2018.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND