Oseltamivir 45mg capsules
Prescription only
Requires a prescription from a doctor or prescriber
Capsule
45mg
Oral
Oseltamivir (marketed as the product TamifluⓇ), is an antiviral neuraminidase inhibitor used for the treatment and prophylaxis of infection with influenza viruses A (including pandemic H1N1) and B.
Active ingredients:
Oseltamivir
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Official medicine documents
Source: MHRA Products DatabaseOGL 3.0
Updated 3 months ago(16 Jan 2026)Safety monitoring data
Yellow Card reports
MHRA
The MHRA Yellow Card scheme collects reports of suspected side effects from healthcare professionals and patients. View the Drug Analysis Profile (iDAP) for real-world adverse reaction data.
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Data from the MHRA Yellow Card scheme. A reported reaction does not necessarily mean the medicine caused it. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
EudraVigilance
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Suspected adverse reactions reported for Oseltamivir
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EudraVigilance data is published by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). A suspected adverse reaction is not necessarily caused by the medicine.
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Tamiflu 45mg capsules
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£15.41indicative price
This is the NHS Drug Tariff indicative price used for reimbursement purposes. It may not reflect the price paid by patients or pharmacies.
View full Drug TariffSource: NHS Drug Tariff via NHSBSA. Derived from dm+d VMPP (Virtual Medicinal Product Pack) pricing data. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
WHO defined daily dose (DDD)
150 mg
Not a recommended dose. The DDD is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults. It is a statistical measure used for research and comparison purposes only.
Source: WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, distributed via NHS dm+d BNF mapping files. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Therapeutically similar medicines
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Zanamivir 200mg/20ml solution for infusion vials
Infusion
200mg/20ml
Same therapeutic group
Oseltamivir 6mg/ml oral suspension sugar free
Oral suspension
6mg
Same therapeutic group
Oseltamivir 15mg/ml oral solution sugar free
Oral solution
15mg
Same therapeutic group
Oseltamivir 15mg/ml oral solution
Oral solution
15mg
Same therapeutic group
Oseltamivir 15mg/ml oral suspension
Oral suspension
15mg
Same therapeutic group
Similarity based on WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and NHS BNF section grouping. Source data: NHS dm+d via TRUD (OGL v3.0), WHO ATC/DDD Index.
NHS prescribing volume and spending trends
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Clinical guidelines and formulary information
British National Formulary
Oseltamivir
BNF
Drug monograph — bnf.nice.org.ukSource: British National Formulary, NICE. Joint Formulary Committee. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
NICE clinical guidance(2)
Amantadine, oseltamivir and zanamivir for the treatment of influenza (TA168)
TA168
Technology appraisal
Updated Feb 2009Oseltamivir, amantadine (review) and zanamivir for the prophylaxis of influenza (TA158)
TA158
Technology appraisal
Updated Sept 2008Source: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
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Supply & product information
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Codes for healthcare professionals and prescribing systems
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These codes are used by healthcare IT systems and prescribers to identify this medicine.
NHS UK identifiers
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SNOMED CT and dm+d codes from NHS TRUD (Technology Reference data Update Distribution), licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. BNF codes from NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA). ATC codes from the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (whocc.no).
Active and completed clinical studies from ClinicalTrials.gov
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Searching UK clinical trials...
Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Data accessed via ClinicalTrials.gov API v2. Trial information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.
Pharmacology and chemical data from DrugBank
Key facts
Drug status
Approved
Major interactions
None known
Half-life
1 to 3 hours
Mechanism
Oseltamivir phosphate is a pro-drug of the active metabolite (oseltamivir carbox…
Food interactions
1 warning
Human targets
2 targets
Data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Pharmacokinetics at a glance
Absorption
75 %
Oseltamivir is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration of oseltamivir phosphate and is extensively converted…
Half-life
1 to 3 hours
Plasma concentrations of oseltamivir declined with a half-life of 1 to 3 hours in most subjects after oral administration, although plasma concentrations…
Protein binding
3 %
The binding of the active oseltamivir carboxylate metabolite to human plasma protein is negligible at approximately 3 % while the binding of…
Volume of distribution
The mean volume of distribution at steady state of the oseltamivir carboxylate ranges approximately between 23 and 26 liters in humans, a volume that is roughly equivalent to extracellular body fluid.…
Metabolism
Oseltamivir is extensively converted to the active metabolite, oseltamivir carboxylate, by esterases located predominantly in the liver.…
Elimination
90 %
Following absorption, oseltamivir is more than 90 % eliminated through conversion to oseltamivir carboxylate and subsequent elimination entirely through renal excretion.…
Clearance
18.8 l/h
Renal clearance (18.8 l/h) of the drug exceeds glomerular filtration rate (7.5…
Pharmacokinetic data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Status:
Approved
Investigational
Small molecule
About this compound
Oseltamivir (marketed as the product TamifluⓇ), is an antiviral neuraminidase inhibitor used for the treatment and prophylaxis of infection with influenza viruses A (including pandemic H1N1) and B. Oseltamivir exerts its antiviral activity by inhibiting the activity of the viral neuraminidase enzyme found on the surface of the virus, which prevents budding from the host cell, viral replication, and infectivity.
The clinical benefit of use of oseltamivir is greatest when administered within 48 hours of the onset of influenza symptoms since effectiveness decreases significantly after that point in time; there is generally no benefit in use beyond 48 hours for healthy, low-risk individuals as influenza is a self-limiting illness.[A180574][L7267][A180580] However, antiviral treatment might be beneficial when initiated after 48 hours for patients with severe, complicated or progressive illness or for hospitalized patients.[A180583] According to the CDC, data from clinical trials and observational studies have demonstrated that early antiviral treatment can shorten the duration of fever and illness symptoms, and may reduce the risk of some complications (including pneumonia and respiratory failure). They recommend the use of oseltamivir in people with a higher risk of developing complications including children younger than 2 years, people over 65 years, people with some chronic conditions or immunosuppression, pregnant women, residents of long term care facilities, and indigenous communities for example.[L7264]
The benefits of oseltamivir use are controversial; a 2014 Cochrane Review of the evidence found that oseltamivir treatment had limited benefit. The authors concluded that oseltamivir use in healthy adults had small, non-specific effects on symptoms (where the time to first alleviation of symptoms was only reduced from 7 to 6.3 days), it had no effect on hospitalizations, and that there was no evidence for any reductions in complications of influenza such as pneumonia.[A179962][A179965][A179968] Due to the risk of adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, psychiatric effects and renal adverse events in adults and vomiting in children, the harms are generally considered to outweigh the small clinical benefit of use of oseltamivir.
Notably, in 2017, the World Health Organization downgraded oseltamivir from its essential medicines list from a "core" drug to a "complementary" drug, due to limited cost-effectiveness.[A179086] Yearly vaccination with the influenza vaccine is still considered the best preventative measure.
The clinical benefit of use of oseltamivir is greatest when administered within 48 hours of the onset of influenza symptoms since effectiveness decreases significantly after that point in time; there is generally no benefit in use beyond 48 hours for healthy, low-risk individuals as influenza is a self-limiting illness.[A180574][L7267][A180580] However, antiviral treatment might be beneficial when initiated after 48 hours for patients with severe, complicated or progressive illness or for hospitalized patients.[A180583] According to the CDC, data from clinical trials and observational studies have demonstrated that early antiviral treatment can shorten the duration of fever and illness symptoms, and may reduce the risk of some complications (including pneumonia and respiratory failure). They recommend the use of oseltamivir in people with a higher risk of developing complications including children younger than 2 years, people over 65 years, people with some chronic conditions or immunosuppression, pregnant women, residents of long term care facilities, and indigenous communities for example.[L7264]
The benefits of oseltamivir use are controversial; a 2014 Cochrane Review of the evidence found that oseltamivir treatment had limited benefit. The authors concluded that oseltamivir use in healthy adults had small, non-specific effects on symptoms (where the time to first alleviation of symptoms was only reduced from 7 to 6.3 days), it had no effect on hospitalizations, and that there was no evidence for any reductions in complications of influenza such as pneumonia.[A179962][A179965][A179968] Due to the risk of adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, psychiatric effects and renal adverse events in adults and vomiting in children, the harms are generally considered to outweigh the small clinical benefit of use of oseltamivir.
Notably, in 2017, the World Health Organization downgraded oseltamivir from its essential medicines list from a "core" drug to a "complementary" drug, due to limited cost-effectiveness.[A179086] Yearly vaccination with the influenza vaccine is still considered the best preventative measure.
Properties:
solid
Avg. mass: 312.40 Da
DrugBank indication
According to FDA prescribing information, oseltamivir is indicated for the treatment of acute, uncomplicated illness due to influenza A and B infection in patients 2 weeks of age and older who have been symptomatic for no more than 48 hours F3094. In particular, this agent is indicated in adults and children including full-term neonates who present with symptoms typical of influenza when influenza virus is circulating in the community. Efficacy has been demonstrated when treatment is initiated within two days of the first onset of symptoms.F3097
Oseltamivir is also indicated for the prophylaxis of influenza in patients one year and older F3094.
Specifically, post-exposure prevention in individuals one year of age or older following contact with a clinically diagnosed influenza case when influenza virus is circulating in the community qualifies for such prophylactic therapy. Oseltamivir would only be indicated for post-exposure prevention of influenza in infants less than 1 year of age during a pandemic influenza outbreak. F3097
Oseltamivir is also indicated for the prophylaxis of influenza in patients one year and older F3094.
Specifically, post-exposure prevention in individuals one year of age or older following contact with a clinically diagnosed influenza case when influenza virus is circulating in the community qualifies for such prophylactic therapy. Oseltamivir would only be indicated for post-exposure prevention of influenza in infants less than 1 year of age during a pandemic influenza outbreak. F3097
Also known as(53)
(−)-oseltamivir
1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid, 4-(acetylamino)-5-amino-3-(1-ethylpropoxy)-, ethyl ester, (3R-(3alpha,4beta,5alpha))-
Ethyl (3R,4R,5S)-4-acetamido-5-amino-3-(1-ethylpropoxy)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate
Oseltamivir
Oséltamivir
Oseltamivirum
3.2.1.18
3.2.1.18
Dosage forms(40)
(Oral) — 6 mg/ml
(Oral) — 30 mg
(Oral) — 45 mg
(Oral) — 75 mg
Suspension (Oral)
Capsule (Oral) — 98527 MG
Capsule (Oral) — 59.120 mg
Suspension (Oral) — 6.000 mg
Molecular properties(19)
Drug interactions(792)
Known interactions with other medications. Always consult a healthcare professional.
Probenecid
Unknown severity
The serum concentration of the active metabolites of Oseltamivir can be increased when Oseltamivir is used in combination with Probenecid.
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Aspartame.
Pravastatin
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Pravastatin.
Valproic acid
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Valproic acid.
Aminohippuric acid
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Aminohippuric acid.
Lansoprazole
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Lansoprazole.
Zidovudine
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Zidovudine.
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Guanidine.
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Enalapril.
Oxytetracycline
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Oxytetracycline.
Leucovorin
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Leucovorin.
Esomeprazole
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Esomeprazole.
Dinoprostone
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Dinoprostone.
Famotidine
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Famotidine.
Minocycline
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Minocycline.
Mercaptopurine
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Mercaptopurine.
Novobiocin
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Novobiocin.
Benzylpenicillin
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Benzylpenicillin.
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Melatonin.
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Ouabain.
Rosuvastatin
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Rosuvastatin.
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Liotrix.
Cilastatin
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Cilastatin.
Tazobactam
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Tazobactam.
trans-2-hydroxycinnamic acid
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with trans-2-hydroxycinnamic acid.
Cholic Acid
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Cholic Acid.
Glutaric Acid
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Glutaric Acid.
Benzoic acid
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Benzoic acid.
Taurocholic acid
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Taurocholic acid.
Caprylic acid
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Caprylic acid.
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Ataluren.
Teriflunomide
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Teriflunomide.
Dabrafenib
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Dabrafenib.
Dolutegravir
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Dolutegravir.
Lenvatinib
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Lenvatinib.
Cabotegravir
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Cabotegravir.
Pradigastat
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Pradigastat.
Enasidenib
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Enasidenib.
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Cefotiam.
Indomethacin
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Indomethacin.
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Cefalotin.
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Tenoxicam.
Cefotaxime
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Cefotaxime.
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Piroxicam.
Methotrexate
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Methotrexate.
Cephalexin
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Cephalexin.
Diclofenac
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Diclofenac.
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Acyclovir.
Phenylbutazone
Unknown severity
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Phenylbutazone.
The excretion of Oseltamivir can be decreased when combined with Cefaclor.
Showing 50 of 792 interactions
Food & lifestyle interactions
Advice
Take with or without food. Co-administration with food does not affect pharmacokinetics but may enhance tolerability.
Toxicity & overdose
Reports of overdoses with oseltamivir have been received from clinical trials and during postmarketing experience. In the majority of cases reporting overdose, no adverse reactions were reported. Adverse reactions reported following overdose were similar in nature to those observed with therapeutic doses of oseltamivir.
How it works
Mechanism of action
Oseltamivir phosphate is a pro-drug of the active metabolite (oseltamivir carboxylate) which is a potent and selective inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase enzymes, which are glycoproteins found on the virion surface. Viral neuraminidase enzyme activity is important for viral entry into uninfected cells, for the release of recently formed virus particles from infected cells, and for the further spread of the infectious virus in the body.[F3097, L5161, F3115] Oseltamivir activity reduces viral shedding and infectivity.
Oseltamivir is effective agaisnt viral neuraminidases of influenza A (including pandemic H1N1) and influenza B.[F3097, L5161, F3115]
Oseltamivir is effective agaisnt viral neuraminidases of influenza A (including pandemic H1N1) and influenza B.[F3097, L5161, F3115]
Pharmacodynamics
There have been postmarketing reports of delirium and abnormal behavior leading to injury, and in some cases resulting in fatal outcomes, in patients with influenza who were receiving oseltamivir. Because these events were reported voluntarily during clinical practice, estimates of frequency cannot be made but they appear to be uncommon based on oseltamivir. These events were reported primarily among pediatric patients and often had an abrupt onset and rapid resolution. The contribution of oseltamivir to these events has not been established. Influenza can be associated with a variety of neurologic and behavioral symptoms that can include events such as hallucinations, delirium, and abnormal behavior, in some cases resulting in fatal outcomes. These events may occur in the setting of encephalitis or encephalopathy but can occur without obvious severe disease.[F3097, A180586, A180589]
Pharmacokinetics
How the body processes this drug — absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
Absorption
Oseltamivir is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration of oseltamivir phosphate and is extensively converted by predominantly hepatic esterases to the active metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate. At least 75 % of an oral dose reaches the systemic circulation as the active metabolite. Exposure to the pro-drug is less than 5 % relative to the active metabolite.
Plasma concentrations of both pro-drug and active metabolite are proportional to dose and are unaffected by co-administration with food.[F3094, F3097, L5161, F3115] Pharmacokinetic parameters following twice daily dosing of oseltamivir 75mg capsules are as follows: Cmax of oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate were found to be 65ng/mL and 348ng/mL, respectively, while AUC (0-12h) of oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate were found to be 112ng·h/mL and 2719ng·h/mL, respectively.F3097
Plasma concentrations of both pro-drug and active metabolite are proportional to dose and are unaffected by co-administration with food.[F3094, F3097, L5161, F3115] Pharmacokinetic parameters following twice daily dosing of oseltamivir 75mg capsules are as follows: Cmax of oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate were found to be 65ng/mL and 348ng/mL, respectively, while AUC (0-12h) of oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate were found to be 112ng·h/mL and 2719ng·h/mL, respectively.F3097
Half-life
Plasma concentrations of oseltamivir declined with a half-life of 1 to 3 hours in most subjects after oral administration, although plasma concentrations of oseltamivir carboxylate declined with a half-life of 6 to 10 hours in most subjects after oral administration.[F3094, F3097]
Protein binding
The binding of the active oseltamivir carboxylate metabolite to human plasma protein is negligible at approximately 3 % while the binding of oseltamivir to human plasma protein is 42%, which is insufficient to cause significant displacement-based drug interactions.F3094
Volume of distribution
The mean volume of distribution at steady state of the oseltamivir carboxylate ranges approximately between 23 and 26 liters in humans, a volume that is roughly equivalent to extracellular body fluid. Since neuraminidase activity is extracellular, oseltamivir carboxylate distributes to all sites of influenza virus spread.[F3094, F3097, L5161, F3115]
Metabolism
Oseltamivir is extensively converted to the active metabolite, oseltamivir carboxylate, by esterases located predominantly in the liver. Oseltamivir carboxylate is not further metabolized. Neither oseltamivir nor oseltamivir carboxylate is a substrate for, or inhibitor of, cytochrome P450 isoforms.
No phase 2 conjugates of either compound have been identified in vivo.[F3094, F3097, L5161, F3115]
No phase 2 conjugates of either compound have been identified in vivo.[F3094, F3097, L5161, F3115]
Route of elimination
Following absorption, oseltamivir is more than 90 % eliminated through conversion to oseltamivir carboxylate and subsequent elimination entirely through renal excretion. During clinical studies, less than 20 % of oral radiolabelled dose was found to be eliminated in faeces.[F3094, F3097, L5161, F3115]
Clearance
Renal clearance (18.8 l/h) of the drug exceeds glomerular filtration rate (7.5 l/h) indicating that tubular secretion occurs in addition to glomerular filtration.F3097
Drug targets(2)
Proteins and enzymes this drug interacts with in the body
Sialidase-1
NEU1
inhibitor
Specific functionalpha-sialidase activity
Cellular location
Lysosome membrane
General function & pharmacology
Catalyzes the removal of sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid) moieties from glycoproteins and glycolipids. To be active, it is strictly dependent on its presence in the multienzyme complex. Appears to have a preference for alpha 2-3 and alpha 2-6 sialyl linkage
Sialidase-2
NEU2
inhibitor
Specific functionexo-alpha-sialidase activity
Cellular location
Cytoplasm, cytosol
General function & pharmacology
Exo-alpha-sialidase that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of the terminal sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid, Neu5Ac) of a glycan moiety in the catabolism of glycolipids, glycoproteins and oligosacharides .
PMID:14613940 PMID:22228546
Recognizes sialyl linkage positions of the glycan moiety as well as the supramolecular organization of the sialoglycoconjugate. Displays preference for alpha-(2->3)-sialylated GD1a and GT1B gangliosides over alpha-(2->8)-sialylated GD1b, in both monomeric forms and micelles. Hydrolyzes monomeric GM1 ganglioside, but has no activity toward the miscellar form .
PMID:14613940
Has lower sialidase activity for glycoproteins such as fetuin and TF/transferrin that carry a mixture of alpha-(2->3) and alpha-(2->6)-sialyl linkages.
Cleaves milk oligosaccharide alpha-(2->3)-sialyllactose, but is inactive toward alpha-(2->6)-sialyllactose isomer. Has no activity toward colominic acid, a homomer of alpha-(2->8)-linked Neu5Ac residues PMID:14613940
PMID:14613940 PMID:22228546
Recognizes sialyl linkage positions of the glycan moiety as well as the supramolecular organization of the sialoglycoconjugate. Displays preference for alpha-(2->3)-sialylated GD1a and GT1B gangliosides over alpha-(2->8)-sialylated GD1b, in both monomeric forms and micelles. Hydrolyzes monomeric GM1 ganglioside, but has no activity toward the miscellar form .
PMID:14613940
Has lower sialidase activity for glycoproteins such as fetuin and TF/transferrin that carry a mixture of alpha-(2->3) and alpha-(2->6)-sialyl linkages.
Cleaves milk oligosaccharide alpha-(2->3)-sialyllactose, but is inactive toward alpha-(2->6)-sialyllactose isomer. Has no activity toward colominic acid, a homomer of alpha-(2->8)-linked Neu5Ac residues PMID:14613940
Metabolizing enzymes(1)
Enzymes involved in drug metabolism — important for understanding drug interactions
Enzyme activity key
substrate
inhibitor
inducer
CES1Liver carboxylesterase 1
substrate
Transporters(3)
Proteins that transport this drug across cell membranes
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 4
ABCC4
substrate
Specific function15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
Cellular location
Basolateral cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family that actively extrudes physiological compounds and xenobiotics from cells. Transports a range of endogenous molecules that have a key role in cellular communication and signaling, including cyclic nucleotides such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP), bile acids, steroid conjugates, urate, and prostaglandins .
PMID:11856762 PMID:12523936 PMID:12835412 PMID:12883481 PMID:15364914 PMID:15454390 PMID:16282361 PMID:17959747 PMID:18300232 PMID:26721430
Mediates the ATP-dependent efflux of glutathione conjugates such as leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) too. The presence of GSH is necessary for the ATP-dependent transport of LTB4, whereas GSH is not required for the transport of LTC4 .
PMID:17959747
Mediates the cotransport of bile acids with reduced glutathione (GSH) .
PMID:12523936 PMID:12883481 PMID:16282361
Transports a wide range of drugs and their metabolites, including anticancer, antiviral and antibiotics molecules .
PMID:11856762 PMID:12105214 PMID:15454390 PMID:17344354 PMID:18300232
Confers resistance to anticancer agents such as methotrexate PMID:11106685
PMID:11856762 PMID:12523936 PMID:12835412 PMID:12883481 PMID:15364914 PMID:15454390 PMID:16282361 PMID:17959747 PMID:18300232 PMID:26721430
Mediates the ATP-dependent efflux of glutathione conjugates such as leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) too. The presence of GSH is necessary for the ATP-dependent transport of LTB4, whereas GSH is not required for the transport of LTC4 .
PMID:17959747
Mediates the cotransport of bile acids with reduced glutathione (GSH) .
PMID:12523936 PMID:12883481 PMID:16282361
Transports a wide range of drugs and their metabolites, including anticancer, antiviral and antibiotics molecules .
PMID:11856762 PMID:12105214 PMID:15454390 PMID:17344354 PMID:18300232
Confers resistance to anticancer agents such as methotrexate PMID:11106685
Solute carrier family 15 member 1
SLC15A1
substrate
Specific functiondipeptide transmembrane transporter activity
Cellular location
Apical cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Electrogenic proton-coupled amino-acid transporter that transports oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides. Transports neutral and monovalently charged peptides with a proton to peptide stoichiometry of 1:1 or 2:1 (By similarity) .
PMID:15521010 PMID:18367661 PMID:19685173 PMID:26320580 PMID:7896779 PMID:8914574 PMID:9835627
Primarily responsible for the absorption of dietary di- and tripeptides from the small intestinal lumen (By similarity). Mediates transepithelial transport of muramyl and N-formylated bacterial dipeptides contributing to recognition of pathogenic bacteria by the mucosal immune system PMID:15521010 PMID:9835627
PMID:15521010 PMID:18367661 PMID:19685173 PMID:26320580 PMID:7896779 PMID:8914574 PMID:9835627
Primarily responsible for the absorption of dietary di- and tripeptides from the small intestinal lumen (By similarity). Mediates transepithelial transport of muramyl and N-formylated bacterial dipeptides contributing to recognition of pathogenic bacteria by the mucosal immune system PMID:15521010 PMID:9835627
Organic anion transporter 3
SLC22A8
substrate
Specific functionorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Cellular location
Basolateral cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Functions as an organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger that couples organic anion uptake indirectly to the sodium gradient .
PMID:14586168 PMID:15644426 PMID:15846473 PMID:16455804 PMID:31553721
Transports organic anions such as estrone 3-sulfate (E1S) and urate in exchange for dicarboxylates such as glutarate or ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) .
PMID:14586168 PMID:15846473 PMID:15864504 PMID:22108572 PMID:23832370
Plays an important role in the excretion of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the kidney and the brain .
PMID:11306713 PMID:14586168 PMID:15846473
E1S transport is pH- and chloride-dependent and may also involve E1S/cGMP exchange .
PMID:26377792
Responsible for the transport of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2(alpha) (PGF2(alpha)) in the basolateral side of the renal tubule .
PMID:11907186
Involved in the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites kynurenate and xanthurenate .
PMID:22108572 PMID:23832370
Functions as a biopterin transporters involved in the uptake and the secretion of coenzymes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and sepiapterin to urine, thereby determining baseline levels of blood biopterins .
PMID:28534121
May be involved in the basolateral transport of steviol, a metabolite of the popular sugar substitute stevioside .
PMID:15644426
May participate in the detoxification/ renal excretion of drugs and xenobiotics, such as the histamine H(2)-receptor antagonists fexofenadine and cimetidine, the antibiotic benzylpenicillin (PCG), the anionic herbicide 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), the diagnostic agent p-aminohippurate (PAH), the antiviral acyclovir (ACV), and the mycotoxin ochratoxin (OTA), by transporting these exogenous organic anions across the cell membrane in exchange for dicarboxylates such as 2-oxoglutarate .
PMID:11669456 PMID:15846473 PMID:16455804
Contributes to the renal uptake of potent uremic toxins (indoxyl sulfate (IS), indole acetate (IA), hippurate/N-benzoylglycine (HA) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF)), pravastatin, PCG, E1S and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and is partly involved in the renal uptake of temocaprilat (an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor) .
PMID:14675047
May contribute to the release of cortisol in the adrenals .
PMID:15864504
Involved in one of the detoxification systems on the choroid plexus (CP), removes substrates such as E1S or taurocholate (TC), PCG, 2,4-D and PAH, from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the blood for eventual excretion in urine and bile (By similarity). Also contributes to the uptake of several other organic compounds such as the prostanoids prostaglandin E(2) and prostaglandin F(2-alpha), L-carnitine, and the therapeutic drugs allopurinol, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (By similarity). Mediates the transport of PAH, PCG, and the statins pravastatin and pitavastatin, from the cerebrum into the blood circulation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
In summary, plays a role in the efflux of drugs and xenobiotics, helping reduce their undesired toxicological effects on the body (By similarity)
PMID:14586168 PMID:15644426 PMID:15846473 PMID:16455804 PMID:31553721
Transports organic anions such as estrone 3-sulfate (E1S) and urate in exchange for dicarboxylates such as glutarate or ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) .
PMID:14586168 PMID:15846473 PMID:15864504 PMID:22108572 PMID:23832370
Plays an important role in the excretion of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the kidney and the brain .
PMID:11306713 PMID:14586168 PMID:15846473
E1S transport is pH- and chloride-dependent and may also involve E1S/cGMP exchange .
PMID:26377792
Responsible for the transport of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2(alpha) (PGF2(alpha)) in the basolateral side of the renal tubule .
PMID:11907186
Involved in the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites kynurenate and xanthurenate .
PMID:22108572 PMID:23832370
Functions as a biopterin transporters involved in the uptake and the secretion of coenzymes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and sepiapterin to urine, thereby determining baseline levels of blood biopterins .
PMID:28534121
May be involved in the basolateral transport of steviol, a metabolite of the popular sugar substitute stevioside .
PMID:15644426
May participate in the detoxification/ renal excretion of drugs and xenobiotics, such as the histamine H(2)-receptor antagonists fexofenadine and cimetidine, the antibiotic benzylpenicillin (PCG), the anionic herbicide 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), the diagnostic agent p-aminohippurate (PAH), the antiviral acyclovir (ACV), and the mycotoxin ochratoxin (OTA), by transporting these exogenous organic anions across the cell membrane in exchange for dicarboxylates such as 2-oxoglutarate .
PMID:11669456 PMID:15846473 PMID:16455804
Contributes to the renal uptake of potent uremic toxins (indoxyl sulfate (IS), indole acetate (IA), hippurate/N-benzoylglycine (HA) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF)), pravastatin, PCG, E1S and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and is partly involved in the renal uptake of temocaprilat (an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor) .
PMID:14675047
May contribute to the release of cortisol in the adrenals .
PMID:15864504
Involved in one of the detoxification systems on the choroid plexus (CP), removes substrates such as E1S or taurocholate (TC), PCG, 2,4-D and PAH, from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the blood for eventual excretion in urine and bile (By similarity). Also contributes to the uptake of several other organic compounds such as the prostanoids prostaglandin E(2) and prostaglandin F(2-alpha), L-carnitine, and the therapeutic drugs allopurinol, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (By similarity). Mediates the transport of PAH, PCG, and the statins pravastatin and pitavastatin, from the cerebrum into the blood circulation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
In summary, plays a role in the efflux of drugs and xenobiotics, helping reduce their undesired toxicological effects on the body (By similarity)
Scientific references(14)
Chokephaibulkit K., Uiprasertkul M., Puthavathana P., Chearskul P., Auewarakul P., Dowell S.F., Vanprapar N.
A Child With Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Infection.
Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
200524(2):162-166. doi: 10.1097/01.inf.0000151037.25237.1e
de Jong M.D., Tran T.T., Truong H.K., Vo M.H., Smith G.J., Nguyen V.C., Bach V.C., Phan T.Q., Do Q.H., Guan Y., Peiris J.S., Tran T.H., Farrar J.
Oseltamivir Resistance during Treatment of Influenza A (H5N1) Infection.
New England Journal of Medicine
2005353(25):2667-2672. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa054512
Kiso M., Mitamura K., Sakai-Tagawa Y., Shiraishi K., Kawakami C., Kimura K., Hayden F.G., Sugaya N., Kawaoka Y.
Resistant influenza A viruses in children treated with oseltamivir: descriptive study.
The Lancet
2004364(9436):759-765. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16934-1
Ward P., Small I., Smith J., Suter P., Dutkowski R.
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) and its potential for use in the event of an influenza pandemic.
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
200555(suppl_1):i5-i21. doi: 10.1093/jac/dki018
Cooper N.J., Sutton A.J., Abrams K.R., Wailoo A., Turner D., Nicholson K.G.
Effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors in treatment and prevention of influenza A and B: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials.
British Medical Journal
2003 Jun 7326(7401):1235. doi: 10.1136/bmj.326.7401.1235
Kmietowicz Z.
WHO downgrades oseltamivir on drugs list after reviewing evidence.
British Medical Journal
2017 Jun 12357:j2841. doi: 10.1136/bmj.j2841
Jefferson T., Jones M.A., Doshi P., Del Mar C.B., Hama R., Thompson M.J., Spencer E.A., Onakpoya I., Mahtani K.R., Nunan D., Howick J., Heneghan C.J.
Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults and children.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2014 Apr 10(4):CD008965. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008965.pub4
Michiels B., Van Puyenbroeck K., Verhoeven V., Vermeire E., Coenen S.
The value of neuraminidase inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of seasonal influenza: a systematic review of systematic reviews.
PLoS One
20138(4):e60348. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060348. Epub 2013 Apr 2
Ebell M.H., Call M., Shinholser J.
Effectiveness of oseltamivir in adults: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished clinical trials.
Fam Pract
2013 Apr30(2):125-33. doi: 10.1093/fampra/cms059. Epub 2012 Sep 20
McQuade B., Blair M.
Influenza treatment with oseltamivir outside of labeled recommendations.
American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
2015 Jan 1572(2):112-6. doi: 10.2146/ajhp140390
Hsu J., Santesso N., Mustafa R., Brozek J., Chen Y.L., Hopkins J.P., Cheung A., Hovhannisyan G., Ivanova L., Flottorp S.A., Saeterdal I., Wong A.D., Tian J., Uyeki T.M., Akl E.A., Alonso-Coello P., Smaill F., Schunemann H.J.
Antivirals for treatment of influenza: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
Annals of Internal Medicine
2012 Apr 3156(7):512-24. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-156-7-201204030-00411. Epub 2012 Feb 27
Louie J.K., Yang S., Acosta M., Yen C., Samuel M.C., Schechter R., Guevara H., Uyeki T.M.
Treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors for critically ill patients with influenza A (H1N1)pdm09.
Clinical Infectious Diseases
2012 Nov55(9):1198-204. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis636. Epub 2012 Jul 26
Toovey S., Prinssen E.P., Rayner C.R., Thakrar B.T., Dutkowski R., Koerner A., Chu T., Sirzen-Zelenskaya A., Britschgi M., Bansod S., Donner B.
Post-marketing assessment of neuropsychiatric adverse events in influenza patients treated with oseltamivir: an updated review.
Advanced Therapeutics
2012 Oct29(10):826-48. doi: 10.1007/s12325-012-0050-8. Epub 2012 Oct 2
Toovey S., Rayner C., Prinssen E., Chu T., Donner B., Thakrar B., Dutkowski R., Hoffmann G., Breidenbach A., Lindemann L., Carey E., Boak L., Gieschke R., Sacks S., Solsky J., Small I., Reddy D.
Assessment of neuropsychiatric adverse events in influenza patients treated with oseltamivir: a comprehensive review.
Drug Saf
200831(12):1097-114. doi: 10.2165/0002018-200831120-00006.
ATC classification(1 code)
ATC J05AH02
Affected organisms(2)
Influenza A virus
Influenza B virus
International brands(1)
Salt forms(1)
Oseltamivir phosphate(DBSALT000881)
Experimental properties(2)
Commercial products(234)
Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
Show
Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
Linked compound data from DrugBank Open Data (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Oseltamivir
Additional database identifiers
Drugs Product Database (DPD)
11956
ChemSpider
58540
BindingDB
5025
ZINC
ZINC000003929508
GenBank Gene Database
X15281
GenBank Protein Database
60811
UniProt Accession
NRAM_I83A1
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:7758
GenAtlas
NEU1
GeneCards
NEU1
GenBank Gene Database
AF040958
GenBank Protein Database
2773339
Guide to Pharmacology
3214
UniProt Accession
NEUR1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:7759
GenAtlas
NEU2
GeneCards
NEU2
GenBank Gene Database
Y16535
Guide to Pharmacology
3258
UniProt Accession
NEUR2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1863
GenAtlas
CES1
GeneCards
CES1
GenBank Gene Database
M73499
Guide to Pharmacology
2592
UniProt Accession
EST1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:55
GenAtlas
ABCC4
GeneCards
ABCC4
GenBank Gene Database
AF071202
GenBank Protein Database
3335173
Guide to Pharmacology
782
UniProt Accession
MRP4_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10920
GenAtlas
SLC15A1
GeneCards
SLC15A1
GenBank Gene Database
U13173
GenBank Protein Database
773588
Guide to Pharmacology
984
UniProt Accession
S15A1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10972
GeneCards
SLC22A8
GenBank Gene Database
AF097491
GenBank Protein Database
4378059
Guide to Pharmacology
1027
UniProt Accession
S22A8_HUMAN
International reference pricing
7 formulations
Reference pricing from DrugBank. Prices are indicative and may not reflect current UK costs.
From $9.76/gel capsule
To $101.54/disp
Tamiflu 30 mg gel capsule
$9.76/gel capsule
Tamiflu 45 mg gel capsule
$9.76/gel capsule
Tamiflu 75 mg gel capsule
$9.76/gel capsule
Tamiflu 12 mg/ml Suspension
$51.00/bottle
Tamiflu 10 30 mg capsule Box
$101.54/box
Source: DrugBank. Used under CC BY-NC 4.0 academic licence for non-commercial purposes.
Patent information
All patents expired, 4 expired
Approved 9 Jun 1998 · Expires 23 Feb 2017
Expired
Approved 2 Feb 1999 · Expires 2 Aug 2016
Expired
2188835
Canada
Approved 8 Aug 2006 · Expires 26 Feb 2016
Expired
Approved 14 Sept 1999 · Expires 27 Aug 2015
Expired
Patent protection has expired — generic versions may be available.
Source: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0. Patent data sourced from national patent offices. Expiry dates may not reflect extensions, regulatory exclusivity periods, or legal challenges.
DrugBank citations
If you use DrugBank data in your research, please cite the following publications:
Knox C., Wilson M., Klinger C.M., et al
DrugBank 6.
0: the DrugBank Knowledgebase for 2024
Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 552(D1):D1265-D1275
Wishart D.S., Feunang Y.D., Guo A.C., et al
DrugBank 5.
0: a major update to the DrugBank database for 2018
Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Nov 846(D1):D1074-D1082
Show earlier publications
Law V., Knox C., Djoumbou Y., et al
DrugBank 4.
0: shedding new light on drug metabolism
Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jan 142(1):D1091-7
Knox C., Law V., Jewison T., et al
DrugBank 3.
0: a comprehensive resource for 'omics' research on drugs
Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan39(Database issue):D1035-41
Wishart D.S., Knox C., Guo A.C., et al
DrugBank: a knowledgebase for drugs, drug actions and drug targets.
Nucleic Acids Research
2008 Jan36(Database issue):D901-6
Wishart D.S., Knox C., Guo A.C., et al
DrugBank: a comprehensive resource for in silico drug discovery and exploration.
Nucleic Acids Research
2006 Jan 134(Database issue):D668-72
Source: go.drugbank.comCC BY-NC 4.0
Updated 26 days ago(8 Mar 2026)