Nicotinamide 250mg modified-release tablets
Requires a prescription from a doctor or prescriber
An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD.
Official documents, adverse reaction reporting, and safety monitoring
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Official medicine documents
Safety monitoring data
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Data from the MHRA Yellow Card scheme. A reported reaction does not necessarily mean the medicine caused it. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
EudraVigilance
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Suspected adverse reactions reported for Nicotinamide
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EudraVigilance data is published by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). A suspected adverse reaction is not necessarily caused by the medicine.
2 branded products available
WHO defined daily dose (DDD)
150 mg
Not a recommended dose. The DDD is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults. It is a statistical measure used for research and comparison purposes only.
Source: WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, distributed via NHS dm+d BNF mapping files. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Therapeutically similar medicines
Similarity based on WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and NHS BNF section grouping. Source data: NHS dm+d via TRUD (OGL v3.0), WHO ATC/DDD Index.
NHS prescribing volume and spending trends
Clinical guidelines and formulary information
British National Formulary
Nicotinamide
Source: British National Formulary, NICE. Joint Formulary Committee. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
NICE clinical guidance(1)
Source: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
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Supply & product information
Official product databases and supply status monitoring
Pharmacy links redirect to the retailer's own search and do not represent real-time stock levels. emc (electronic medicines compendium) is operated by Datapharm Ltd. Shortage information sourced from NHS Specialist Pharmacy Service (SPS), sps.nhs.uk.
Codes for healthcare professionals and prescribing systems
These codes are used by healthcare IT systems and prescribers to identify this medicine.
NHS UK identifiers
Browse tools
SNOMED CT and dm+d codes from NHS TRUD (Technology Reference data Update Distribution), licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. BNF codes from NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA). ATC codes from the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (whocc.no).
Active and completed clinical studies from ClinicalTrials.gov
Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Data accessed via ClinicalTrials.gov API v2. Trial information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.
Pharmacology and chemical data from DrugBank
Key facts
Drug status
Approved
Major interactions
None known
Half-life
Not available
Mechanism
Not available
Food interactions
None known
Human targets
4 targets
Data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Pharmacokinetics at a glance
Proteins and enzymes this drug interacts with in the body
PMID:7805847
Cyclic ADPR is known to serve as an endogenous second messenger that elicits calcium release from intracellular stores, and thus regulates the mobilization of intracellular calcium (Probable). May be involved in pre-B-cell growth (Probable)
PMID:17177976 PMID:18055453 PMID:18172500 PMID:19344625 PMID:19661379 PMID:20388712 PMID:21680843 PMID:22582261 PMID:23230272 PMID:25043379 PMID:26344098 PMID:26626479 PMID:26626480 PMID:30104678 PMID:31796734 PMID:32028527 PMID:32241924 PMID:32358582 PMID:33186521 PMID:34465625 PMID:34737271
Mediates glutamate, aspartate, serine, histidine or tyrosine ADP-ribosylation of proteins: the ADP-D-ribosyl group of NAD(+) is transferred to the acceptor carboxyl group of target residues and further ADP-ribosyl groups are transferred to the 2'-position of the terminal adenosine moiety, building up a polymer with an average chain length of 20-30 units .
PMID:19764761 PMID:25043379 PMID:28190768 PMID:29954836 PMID:35393539 PMID:7852410 PMID:9315851
Serine ADP-ribosylation of proteins constitutes the primary form of ADP-ribosylation of proteins in response to DNA damage .
PMID:33186521 PMID:34874266
Specificity for the different amino acids is conferred by interacting factors, such as HPF1 and NMNAT1 .
PMID:28190768 PMID:29954836 PMID:32028527 PMID:33186521 PMID:33589610 PMID:34625544 PMID:34874266
Following interaction with HPF1, catalyzes serine ADP-ribosylation of target proteins; HPF1 confers serine specificity by completing the PARP1 active site .
PMID:28190768 PMID:29954836 PMID:32028527 PMID:33186521 PMID:33589610 PMID:34625544 PMID:34874266
Also catalyzes tyrosine ADP-ribosylation of target proteins following interaction with HPF1 .
PMID:29954836 PMID:30257210
Following interaction with NMNAT1, catalyzes glutamate and aspartate ADP-ribosylation of target proteins; NMNAT1 confers glutamate and aspartate specificity (By similarity). PARP1 initiates the repair of DNA breaks: recognizes and binds DNA breaks within chromatin and recruits HPF1, licensing serine ADP-ribosylation of target proteins, such as histones (H2BS6ADPr and H3S10ADPr), thereby promoting decompaction of chromatin and the recruitment of repair factors leading to the reparation of DNA strand breaks .
PMID:17177976 PMID:18172500 PMID:19344625 PMID:19661379 PMID:23230272 PMID:27067600 PMID:34465625 PMID:34874266
HPF1 initiates serine ADP-ribosylation but restricts the polymerase activity of PARP1 in order to limit the length of poly-ADP-ribose chains .
PMID:33683197 PMID:34732825 PMID:34795260
In addition to base excision repair (BER) pathway, also involved in double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair: together with TIMELESS, accumulates at DNA damage sites and promotes homologous recombination repair by mediating poly-ADP-ribosylation .
PMID:26344098 PMID:30356214
Mediates the poly-ADP-ribosylation of a number of proteins, including itself, APLF, CHFR, RPA1 and NFAT5 .
PMID:17396150 PMID:19764761 PMID:24906880 PMID:34049076
In addition to proteins, also able to ADP-ribosylate DNA: catalyzes ADP-ribosylation of DNA strand break termini containing terminal phosphates and a 2'-OH group in single- and double-stranded DNA, respectively .
PMID:27471034
Required for PARP9 and DTX3L recruitment to DNA damage sites .
PMID:23230272
PARP1-dependent PARP9-DTX3L-mediated ubiquitination promotes the rapid and specific recruitment of 53BP1/TP53BP1, UIMC1/RAP80, and BRCA1 to DNA damage sites .
PMID:23230272
PARP1-mediated DNA repair in neurons plays a role in sleep: senses DNA damage in neurons and promotes sleep, facilitating efficient DNA repair (By similarity). In addition to DNA repair, also involved in other processes, such as transcription regulation, programmed cell death, membrane repair, adipogenesis and innate immunity .
PMID:15607977 PMID:17177976 PMID:19344625 PMID:27256882 PMID:32315358 PMID:32844745 PMID:35124853 PMID:35393539 PMID:35460603
Acts as a repressor of transcription: binds to nucleosomes and modulates chromatin structure in a manner similar to histone H1, thereby altering RNA polymerase II .
PMID:15607977 PMID:22464733
Acts both as a positive and negative regulator of transcription elongation, depending on the context .
PMID:27256882 PMID:35393539
Acts as a positive regulator of transcription elongation by mediating poly-ADP-ribosylation of NELFE, preventing RNA-binding activity of NELFE and relieving transcription pausing .
PMID:27256882
Acts as a negative regulator of transcription elongation in response to DNA damage by catalyzing poly-ADP-ribosylation of CCNT1, disrupting the phase separation activity of CCNT1 and subsequent activation of CDK9 .
PMID:35393539
Involved in replication fork progression following interaction with CARM1: mediates poly-ADP-ribosylation at replication forks, slowing fork progression .
PMID:33412112
Poly-ADP-ribose chains generated by PARP1 also play a role in poly-ADP-ribose-dependent cell death, a process named parthanatos (By similarity).
Also acts as a negative regulator of the cGAS-STING pathway .
PMID:32315358 PMID:32844745 PMID:35460603
Acts by mediating poly-ADP-ribosylation of CGAS: PARP1 translocates into the cytosol following phosphorylation by PRKDC and catalyzes poly-ADP-ribosylation and inactivation of CGAS .
PMID:35460603
Acts as a negative regulator of adipogenesis: catalyzes poly-ADP-ribosylation of histone H2B on 'Glu-35' (H2BE35ADPr) following interaction with NMNAT1, inhibiting phosphorylation of H2B at 'Ser-36' (H2BS36ph), thereby blocking expression of pro-adipogenetic genes (By similarity). Involved in the synthesis of ATP in the nucleus, together with NMNAT1, PARG and NUDT5 .
PMID:27257257
Nuclear ATP generation is required for extensive chromatin remodeling events that are energy-consuming PMID:27257257
PMID:21908771 PMID:22076378 PMID:24703693 PMID:29180469
Activates CPS1 and contributes to the regulation of blood ammonia levels during prolonged fasting: acts by mediating desuccinylation and deglutarylation of CPS1, thereby increasing CPS1 activity in response to elevated NAD levels during fasting .
PMID:22076378 PMID:24703693
Activates SOD1 by mediating its desuccinylation, leading to reduced reactive oxygen species .
PMID:24140062
Activates SHMT2 by mediating its desuccinylation .
PMID:29180469
Modulates ketogenesis through the desuccinylation and activation of HMGCS2 (By similarity). Has weak NAD-dependent protein deacetylase activity; however this activity may not be physiologically relevant in vivo. Can deacetylate cytochrome c (CYCS) and a number of other proteins in vitro such as UOX
Enzymes involved in drug metabolism — important for understanding drug interactions
ATC A11HA01
Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
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Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
Linked compound data from DrugBank Open Data (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Nicotinamide
Additional database identifiers
Drugs Product Database (DPD)
5015
Drugs Product Database (DPD)
474
Drugs Product Database (DPD)
5019
ChemSpider
911
BindingDB
27507
PDB
NCA
ZINC
ZINC000000005878
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1118
GenAtlas
BST1
GeneCards
BST1
GenBank Gene Database
D21878
GenBank Protein Database
999429
UniProt Accession
BST1_HUMAN
GenBank Gene Database
K01397
GenBank Protein Database
151216
UniProt Accession
TOXA_PSEAE
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:270
GenAtlas
PARP1
GeneCards
PARP1
GenBank Gene Database
X16674
GenBank Protein Database
1017423
Guide to Pharmacology
2771
UniProt Accession
PARP1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:14933
GenAtlas
SIRT5
GeneCards
SIRT5
GenBank Gene Database
AF083110
Guide to Pharmacology
2711
UniProt Accession
SIR5_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6535
GenAtlas
LDHA
GeneCards
LDHA
GenBank Gene Database
X02152
GenBank Protein Database
34313
UniProt Accession
LDHA_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2625
GenAtlas
CYP2D6
GeneCards
CYP2D6
GenBank Gene Database
M20403
GenBank Protein Database
181350
Guide to Pharmacology
1329
UniProt Accession
CP2D6_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2631
GeneCards
CYP2E1
GenBank Gene Database
J02625
GenBank Protein Database
181360
Guide to Pharmacology
1330
UniProt Accession
CP2E1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2637
GenAtlas
CYP3A4
GeneCards
CYP3A4
GenBank Gene Database
M18907
Guide to Pharmacology
1337
UniProt Accession
CP3A4_HUMAN
DrugBank citations
If you use DrugBank data in your research, please cite the following publications: