Manganese citrate 5mg tablets

Electroneutral transporter of the plasma membrane mediating the cellular uptake of the divalent metal cations zinc, manganese and iron that are important for tissue homeostasis, metabolism, development and immunity .
PMID:15642354 PMID:27231142 PMID:29621230

Functions as an energy-dependent symporter, transporting through the membranes an electroneutral complex composed of a divalent metal cation and two bicarbonate anions (By similarity). Beside these endogenous cellular substrates, can also import cadmium a non-essential metal which is cytotoxic and carcinogenic (By similarity). Controls the cellular uptake by the intestinal epithelium of systemic zinc, which is in turn required to maintain tight junctions and the intestinal permeability (By similarity).

Modifies the activity of zinc-dependent phosphodiesterases, thereby indirectly regulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways important for gluconeogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation (By similarity). Regulates insulin receptor signaling, glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis and gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes through the zinc-dependent intracellular catabolism of insulin .
PMID:27703010
Through zinc cellular uptake also plays a role in the adaptation of cells to endoplasmic reticulum stress (By similarity). Major manganese transporter of the basolateral membrane of intestinal epithelial cells, it plays a central role in manganese systemic homeostasis through intestinal manganese uptake .
PMID:31028174
Also involved in manganese extracellular uptake by cells of the blood-brain barrier .
PMID:31699897
May also play a role in manganese and zinc homeostasis participating in their elimination from the blood through the hepatobiliary excretion (By similarity).

Also functions in the extracellular uptake of free iron. May also function intracellularly and mediate the transport from endosomes to cytosol of iron endocytosed by transferrin .
PMID:20682781
Plays a role in innate immunity by regulating the expression of cytokines by activated macrophages PMID:23052185

Proton-coupled metal ion symporter operating with a proton to metal ion stoichiometry of 1:1 .
PMID:17109629 PMID:17293870 PMID:22736759 PMID:25326704 PMID:25491917

Selectively transports various divalent metal cations, in decreasing affinity: Cd(2+) > Fe(2+) > Co(2+), Mn(2+) >> Zn(2+), Ni(2+), VO(2+) .
PMID:17109629 PMID:17293870 PMID:22736759 PMID:25326704 PMID:25491917

Essential for maintenance of iron homeostasis by modulating intestinal absorption of dietary Fe(2+) and TF-associated endosomal Fe(2+) transport in erythroid precursors and other cells (By similarity). Enables Fe(2+) and Mn(2+) ion entry into mitochondria, and is thus expected to promote mitochondrial heme synthesis, iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis and antioxidant defense (By similarity) .
PMID:24448823
Can mediate uncoupled fluxes of either protons or metal ions

Calcium:manganese antiporter of the plasma membrane mediating the efflux of intracellular manganese coupled to an active extracellular calcium exchange .
PMID:30755481
Required for intracellular manganese homeostasis, an essential cation for the function of several enzymes, including some crucially important for the metabolism of neurotransmitters and other neuronal metabolic pathways. Manganese can also be cytotoxic and induce oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis .
PMID:22341972 PMID:25319704 PMID:26728129 PMID:27226609 PMID:27307044

Could also have an intracellular zinc ion transporter activity, directly regulating intracellular zinc ion homeostasis and more indirectly various signaling pathway and biological processes PMID:22427991 PMID:26728129

Bifunctional protein that combines an ion channel with an intrinsic kinase domain, enabling it to modulate cellular functions either by conducting ions through the pore or by phosphorylating downstream proteins via its kinase domain. The channel is highly permeable to divalent cations, specifically calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and zinc (Zn2+) and mediates their influx .
PMID:11385574 PMID:12887921 PMID:15485879 PMID:24316671 PMID:35561741 PMID:36027648

Controls a wide range of biological processes such as Ca2(+), Mg(2+) and Zn(2+) homeostasis, vesicular Zn(2+) release channel and intracellular Ca(2+) signaling, embryonic development, immune responses, cell motility, proliferation and differentiation (By similarity). The C-terminal alpha-kinase domain autophosphorylates cytoplasmic residues of TRPM7 .
PMID:18365021
In vivo, TRPM7 phosphorylates SMAD2, suggesting that TRPM7 kinase may play a role in activating SMAD signaling pathways.

In vitro, TRPM7 kinase phosphorylates ANXA1 (annexin A1), myosin II isoforms and a variety of proteins with diverse cellular functions PMID:15485879 PMID:18394644

Transferrins are iron binding transport proteins which can bind two Fe(3+) ions in association with the binding of an anion, usually bicarbonate. It is responsible for the transport of iron from sites of absorption and heme degradation to those of storage and utilization. Serum transferrin may also have a further role in stimulating cell proliferation

Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc .
PMID:19021548
Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity).

Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity).

Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli .
PMID:6234017
Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin PMID:6234017

Multifunctional blue, copper-binding (6-7 atoms per molecule) glycoprotein. It has ferroxidase activity oxidizing Fe(2+) to Fe(3+) without releasing radical oxygen species. It is involved in iron transport across the cell membrane .
PMID:16150804
Copper ions provide a large number of enzymatic activites.

Oxidizes highly toxic ferrous ions to the ferric state for further incorporation onto apo-transferrins, catalyzes Cu(+) oxidation and promotes the oxidation of biogenic amines such as norepinephrin and serotonin .
PMID:14623105 PMID:4643313 PMID:5912351

Provides Cu(2+) ions for the ascorbate-mediated deaminase degradation of the heparan sulfate chains of GPC1 (By similarity). Has glutathione peroxidase-like activity, can remove both hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxide in the presence of thiols .
PMID:10481051
Also shows NO-oxidase and NO2 synthase activities that determine endocrine NO homeostasis PMID:16906150