Magnesium malate 300mg capsules

Background/Objectives: Although the importance of magnesium for overall health and physiological function is well established, its influence on exercise performance is less clear. The primary study objective was to determine the influence of short-term magnesium supplementation on cycle ergometer exercise performance. The hypothesis was that magnesium would elicit an ergogenic effect. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-period crossover design was used to study men and women who were regular exercisers. Fifteen participants ingested either a placebo or magnesium chloride (MgCl2 300 mg) twice per day, for 9 days, separated by a 3-week washout. During days 8 and 9, participants completed a battery of cycle ergometer exercise tests, and whole blood, vastus lateralis, and stools were sampled. The primary outcomes were the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), a simulated 10 km time trial, and the sprint exercise performance. Additional outcomes included skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration, and, on account of the known laxative effects of magnesium, the gut microbiota diversity. Results: Compared with a placebo, MgCl2 supplementation increased the circulating ionized Mg concentration (p < 0.03), decreased the VO2max (44.4 ± 7.7 vs. 41.3 ± 8.0 mL/kg/min; p = 0.005), and decreased the mean power output during a 30 s sprint (439 ± 88 vs. 415 ± 88 W; p = 0.03). The 10 km time trial was unaffected (1282 ± 126 vs. 1281 ± 97 s; p = 0.89). In skeletal muscle, MgCl2 decreased mitochondrial respiration in the presence of fatty acids at complex II (p = 0.04). There were no significant impacts on the gut microbiota richness (CHAO1; p = 0.68), Shannon’s Diversity (p = 0.23), or the beta-diversity (Bray–Curtis distances; p = 0.74). Conclusions: In summary, magnesium supplementation had modest ergolytic effects on cycle ergometer exercise performance and mitochondrial respiration. We recommend that regular exercisers, free from hypomagnesemia, should not supplement their diet with magnesium.

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Humans spend approximately one third of their life asleep but, as counterintuitive as it may sound, sleep is far from being a quiet state of inactivity. Sleep provides the opportunity to perform numerous biological and physiological functions that are essential to health and wellbeing, including memory consolidation, physical recovery, immunoregulation, and emotional processing. Yet, sleep deprivation, chronic sleep restriction, and various types of sleep disorders are all too common in modern society. Failure to meet the recommended 7-9 hours of restful sleep per night is known to increase the risk of several health conditions, reason why regular and adequate sleep should be seen as a priority instead of an unnecessary commodity easily traded as required by the commitments of our busy lives. While both the quantity and the quality of sleep can be largely improved with relatively straightforward practices dictated by good sleep hygiene, emerging research suggests that dietary and supplementation protocols focused on certain foods, nutrients, and biochemical compounds with sleep-promoting properties can act as subsidiary sleep aids in complementing these behavioral changes. The scope of this narrative review is to summarize the available evidence on the potential benefits of selected nutraceuticals in the context of circadian rhythm and sleep disturbances, namely melatonin, magnesium, omega-3 fatty acids, tart cherry juice, kiwifruit, apigenin, valerian root, L-theanine, glycine, ashwagandha, myoinositol, Rhodiola rosea, and phosphatidylserine. A comprehensive recapitulation of the relevant literature is provided, alongside corresponding evidence-based nutritional protocols to promote and improve restful sleep.

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ABSTRACT Vascular plants may employ several physiological mechanisms to stabilize their protein contents as atmospheric CO 2 concentrations change over a day, year, decade, or century. One mechanism is that plants may rely more on soil ammonium as their nitrogen source when CO 2 increases. Another is that plants may convert more nitrate into amino acids in their roots. A third is that plants may increase the ratio of manganese over magnesium in their chloroplasts and accelerate a previously unrecognized biochemical cycle that generates organic acids such as malate instead of carbohydrates. This proposed cycle coordinates photorespiration with the metabolism of nitrogen and sulfur, the malate valve, the pentose phosphate shunt, the C 1 pathway, the C 2 glycolate pathway, and the C 3 carbon fixation pathway. The three mechanisms tend to improve the energy efficiency of most vascular plants.

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Active artificial bone substitutes are crucial in bone repair and reconstruction. Calcium phosphate bone cement (CPC) is known for its biocompatibility, degradability, and ability to fill various shaped bone defects. However, its low osteoinductive capacity limits bone regeneration applications. Effectively integrating osteoinductive magnesium ions with CPC remains a challenge. Herein, we developed magnesium malate-modified CPC (MCPC). Incorporating 5% magnesium malate significantly enhances the compressive strength of CPC to (6.18 ± 0.49) MPa, reduces setting time and improves disintegration resistance. In vitro, MCPC steadily releases magnesium ions, promoting the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells without causing significant apoptosis, proving its biocompatibility. Molecularly, magnesium malate prompts macrophages to release prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and synergistically stimulates dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons to synthesize and release calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The CGRP released by DRG neurons enhances the expression of the key osteogenic transcription factor Runt-related transcription factor-2 (RUNX2) in MC3T3-E1 cells, promoting osteogenesis. In vivo experiments using minipig vertebral bone defect model showed MCPC significantly increases the bone volume fraction, bone density, new bone formation, and proportion of mature bone in the defect area compared to CPC. Additionally, MCPC group exhibited significantly higher levels of osteogenesis and angiogenesis markers compared to CPC group, with no inflammation or necrosis observed in the hearts, livers, or kidneys, indicating its good biocompatibility. In conclusion, MCPC participates in the repair of bone defects in the complex post-fracture microenvironment through interactions among macrophages, DRG neurons, and osteoblasts. This demonstrates its significant potential for clinical application in bone defect repair.

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Establishment or maintenance of a persistent infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires the glyoxylate pathway. This is a bypass of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in which isocitrate lyase and malate synthase (GlcB) catalyze the net incorporation of carbon during growth of microorganisms on acetate or fatty acids as the primary carbon source. The glcB gene from M. tuberculosis, which encodes malate synthase, was cloned, and GlcB was expressed in Escherichia coli. The influence of media conditions on expression in M. tuberculosis indicated that this enzyme is regulated differentially to isocitrate lyase. Purified GlcB had K(m) values of 57 and 30 microm for its substrates glyoxylate and acetyl coenzyme A, respectively, and was inhibited by bromopyruvate, oxalate, and phosphoenolpyruvate. The GlcB structure was solved to 2.1-A resolution in the presence of glyoxylate and magnesium. We also report the structure of GlcB in complex with the products of the reaction, coenzyme A and malate, solved to 2.7-A resolution. Coenzyme A binds in a bent conformation, and the details of its interactions are described, together with implications on the enzyme mechanism.

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Abstract The behavior of many plant enzymes depends on the metals and other ligands to which they are bound. A previous study demonstrated that tobacco Rubisco binds almost equally to magnesium and manganese and rapidly exchanges one metal for the other. The present study characterizes the kinetics of Rubisco and the plastidial malic enzyme when bound to either metal. When Rubisco purified from five C 3 species was bound to magnesium rather than manganese, the specificity for CO 2 over O 2 , ( S c/o ) increased by 25% and the ratio of the maximum velocities of carboxylation / oxygenation ( V cmax / V omax ) increased by 39%. For the recombinant plastidial malic enzyme, the forward reaction (malate decarboxylation) was 30% slower and the reverse reaction (pyruvate carboxylation) was three times faster when bound to manganese rather than magnesium. Adding 6‐phosphoglycerate and NADP + inhibited carboxylation and oxygenation when Rubisco was bound to magnesium and stimulated oxygenation when it was bound to manganese. Conditions that favored RuBP oxygenation stimulated Rubisco to convert as much as 15% of the total RuBP consumed into pyruvate. These results are consistent with a stromal biochemical pathway in which (1) Rubisco when associated with manganese converts a substantial amount of RuBP into pyruvate, (2) malic enzyme when associated with manganese carboxylates a substantial portion of this pyruvate into malate, and (3) chloroplasts export additional malate into the cytoplasm where it generates NADH for assimilating nitrate into amino acids. Thus, plants may regulate the activities of magnesium and manganese in leaves to balance organic carbon and organic nitrogen as atmospheric CO 2 fluctuates.

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) is the fourth most abundant cation in the human body and a critical cofactor in hundreds of enzymatic reactions that regulate energy metabolism, neuromuscular function, cardiovascular health, bone integrity, immune defense, and psychological well-being. Despite its essential roles, magnesium deficiency remains common worldwide, driven by inadequate dietary intake, chronic diseases, medication use, and lifestyle factors. Low magnesium status is associated with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, migraines, depression, and chronic inflammation, whereas sufficient intake supports cardiometabolic resilience, skeletal strength, neurological stability, and healthy aging. This review synthesizes current evidence on magnesium metabolism, physiological functions, and the health consequences of deficiency, and it summarizes global status with attention to biomarker limitations, widespread suboptimal intake, and key demographic and lifestyle determinants. It also discusses dietary sources, supplementation, and innovative approaches such as food fortification, personalized nutrition, and improved diagnostic strategies. The evidence highlights magnesium as a modifiable factor with potential to lessen the burden of chronic diseases. Recognizing magnesium deficiency as a pressing but underappreciated public health issue, this article underscores the need for integrated strategies to optimize magnesium balance at both individual and population levels.

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Magnesium (Mg) is crucial in numerous physiological functions, including neuromuscular activity, energy metabolism, and cognitive processes. Despite its significance, the bioavailability and functional impact of different Mg formulations remain underexplored. This study investigates the long-term effects of chronic organic Mg supplementation (citrate, glycinate, malate) on tissue-specific Mg distribution and functional outcomes in rats. Thirty-eight adult Sprague Dawley rats were allocated into control and Mg-supplemented groups, receiving 35.4 mg/kg/day of elemental Mg for 8 weeks. Cognitive and behavioral assessments were conducted to evaluate learning, memory, and anxiety-like behavior, including the Morris water maze, open-field test, and elevated plus maze. Neuromuscular function was assessed via the grip strength and rotarod performance tests. Biochemical analyses of brain regions, skeletal muscle, and vascular tissue were performed to determine Mg levels, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and corticosterone concentrations. Results demonstrated that Mg-malate supplementation significantly increased Mg levels in skeletal muscle and whole-brain tissue, correlating with enhanced neuromuscular performance. Mg-citrate selectively elevated hippocampal BDNF levels, improving spatial learning and memory, while Mg-glycinate exhibited anxiolytic properties by reducing thigmotaxis behavior. Interestingly, despite increased aortic Mg levels, vascular relaxation responses were diminished in Mg-malate and Mg-citrate groups, suggesting a complex interplay between Mg accumulation and vascular reactivity. These findings highlight the formulation-dependent bioavailability and functional effects of Mg, emphasizing the necessity of targeted supplementation strategies for neurological, muscular, and cardiovascular health. Further clinical studies are warranted to validate these effects in human populations.

Abstract licence: CC BY