Magnesium citrate 150mg tablets

BackgroundTemporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a major cause of chronic orofacial pain, with myalgia of the masticatory muscles being central to symptom burden. Electrolyte modulation, particularly magnesium, may influence neuromuscular excitability and nociceptor sensitization, but no systematic review has synthesized the evidence for muscle pain syndromes or its relevance to TMD.ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy of electrolyte supplementation (magnesium, sodium, calcium, and potassium) in reducing muscle cramps and myalgia, and to explore the biological plausibility and potential extrapolation to TMD-related myofascial pain.MethodsThis systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines and was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251120631). PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched from January 1995 to August 2025. Randomized or quasi-randomized trials of electrolyte supplementation for cramps or myalgia were eligible. Data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment (RoB 2 tool) were performed independently by 2 reviewers. Meta-analyses used random-effects models in R (v4.4.3) and Python (v3.11).ResultsThirteen trials were included. Magnesium was most frequently studied (10 RCTs). In pregnancy-associated cramps (4 trials, N≈364), magnesium significantly reduced cramp frequency compared with placebo (pooled RR 1.35, 95% CI: 1.05-1.74, P = .02). In nocturnal or persistent leg cramps in adults (4 trials, N≈396), no significant effect was found (MD -0.42 cramps/week, 95% CI: -1.15 to 0.31, P = .26). Intravenous magnesium showed no benefit in older adults, but a perioperative trial demonstrated reduced fasciculations and postoperative myalgia. Sodium-based solutions reduced cramp susceptibility in exercise and cirrhosis, while calcium and potassium lacked supportive evidence. Risk of bias was generally low to moderate.ConclusionMagnesium supplementation benefits pregnancy-related cramps but shows inconsistent effects in other populations. Sodium-based interventions are context-specific, and calcium and potassium remain unsupported. Magnesium is the most plausible candidate for translation to TMD myalgia, warranting targeted clinical trials.

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Achieving an optimal analgesic effect in patients undergoing lower third molar surgery from the administration of an inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) remains unclear. Magnesium, a N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, has shown positive results in reducing pain following surgery. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to study whether the use of magnesium is effective in lower third molar surgery. We conducted a comprehensive search on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library from inception to September 2023 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the use of magnesium as an oral tablet or as an adjuvant to IANB in patients undergoing lower third molar surgery. The primary outcome was the pain scores following surgery at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours. Secondary outcomes included the number of analgesics consumed and the frequency of patients receiving supplemental analgesia. We calculated the standardized mean difference (SMD) and risk ratio along with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a random-effects model. All analyses were performed using STATA 19MP. We included five RCTs with 299 patients in the analysis. Oral magnesium was associated with lower pain scores at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours following the surgery, with the following values, respectively: SMD = -0.7, 95% CI = -1.03 to -0.37, p < 0.001; I² = 0%; -0.59, 95% CI = -0.92 to -0.26, p < 0.001; I² = 0%; and -0.68, 95% CI = -1.01 to -0.35, p < 0.001; I² = 0% compared to the control group, with no significant difference between the adjuvant magnesium and the control group. The oral use of magnesium resulted in a significant reduction in pain scores at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours post-procedure compared to the control group. Further long-term RCTs with standardized protocols are recommended to confirm the current findings.

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Despite the placement of millions of dental implants annually, one-quarter to one-half of cases require concurrent guided bone regeneration (GBR), where a recent meta-analysis of 100 studies reported an approximately 26% complication rate that exposes the structural and biological limits of current barrier membranes. Conventional collagen and PTFE-based membranes function predominantly as passive occlusive barriers, lacking the bioactivity, controllable degradation, and immunomodulatory capacity demanded by the dynamic alveolar microenvironment, in which up to 50% of ridge width can be lost within 12 months post-extraction. Addressing this gap requires reframing GBR membranes as programmable interfaces. This review presents a three-lens framework - alveolar-bone-specific osteoimmune biology, metabolically active and stimuli-responsive material platforms, and translational bottlenecks - to systematically chart the field. We synthesize recent advances across four next-generation material families (polymer composites, biodegradable Mg/Zn alloys, MXene-based systems, and citrate-based polymers), four hierarchical structural strategies (bilayer, Janus, gradient, and 4D-printed architectures), and complementary functionalization strategies that include surface chemistry tailoring, bioactive ion release, and stimuli-responsive triggers, explicitly mapping how each modulates mechanical retention, degradation kinetics, antibacterial activity, and macrophage M1-to-M2 polarization. We further evaluate the clinical performance of these material platforms in alveolar ridge augmentation and identify platform-specific post-market follow-up endpoints required for regulatory translation. Finally, we articulate six open mechanistic questions and a near-term agenda integrating artificial intelligence/machine learning-driven design, microfluidic oral-microenvironment models, and standardized large-animal alveolar protocols. This framework repositions GBR membranes toward programmable, osteoimmune-active regenerative platforms, charting an actionable path from bench to clinic.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND

PurposeTo compare the effectiveness, tolerability, acceptability, and safety of sodium picosulphate with magnesium citrate (PS/Mg) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) in children (≤18 years) preparing for colonoscopy.MethodsThree electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were searched till July 2020. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. At least two authors independently selected studies and performed risk of bias assessment and data extraction.ResultsFour RCTs (n=390), with overall good quality were included. A meta-analysis of two trials (n=224) found no statistically significant difference between the groups with respect to the proportion of patients who had excellent and good scores (≥6 points) according to the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (relative risk: 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.90 to 1.08). Excellent and good scores were observed in both groups in approximately 90% of children. A meta-analysis of two other trials (n=150) showed no significant difference between the groups with respect to the mean total score for the Ottawa Bowel Preparation Scale (mean difference: 0.20; 95% CI: -0.74 to 1.14). Both regimens provided a comparable safety profile; however, PS/Mg was significantly superior to high volume PEG in terms of tolerability (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating/flatulence/fullness) and acceptability (ease of formulation consumption, taste acceptance, need for nasogastric tube, compliance with full dose).ConclusionPS/Mg provides a quality and safety profile similar to PEG for bowel cleansing; however, it has better acceptance and tolerance in children preparing for colonoscopy.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC