Lactoperoxidase 50unit lozenges sugar free

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infected over 26 million individuals in Italy, resulting in ∼200,000 COVID-19-related deaths. Unravelling host genetic factors underlying disease severity is key to understanding progression mechanisms. METHODS: We applied multi-omics approaches to investigate genetic susceptibility to COVID-19 severity in the Italian population. We combined an exome-wide case-control study of rare germline variants (215 severe/critically ill patients vs 1755 controls) with transcriptomic (differential gene expression and alternative splicing) analyses of 59 hospitalised patients to identify signatures associated with severe respiratory outcomes (ICU admission). FINDINGS: FC = 0.57, FDR = 0.028). Notably, we confirmed the genetic association with severity in independent cohorts (1873 cases vs 508,532 controls; meta-analysis p = 0.0050, OR = 3.44, 95% CI = 1.71-6.89). We propose that LPO haploinsufficiency may impair host capacity to neutralise ROS, contributing to COVID-19 progression. INTERPRETATION: In conclusion, our multi-omics analysis implicates oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction as central to COVID-19 severity, identifying LPO as a candidate susceptibility gene. FUNDING: Banca Intesa San Paolo, EU Next-Generation EU-MUR-PNRR (INF-ACT, PE00000007), Dolce & Gabbana.

Abstract licence: CC BY

The innate immune system in mammals is the first-line defense that plays an important protective role against a wide spectrum of pathogens, especially during early life before the adaptive immune system develops. The enzymes xanthine oxidase (XO) and lactoperoxidase (LPO) are widely distributed in mammalian tissues and secretions, and have a variety of biological functions including in innate immunity, provoking much interest for both in vitro and in vivo applications. The enzymes are characterized by their generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, including hydrogen peroxide, hypothiocyanite, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite. XO is a major generator of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide that subsequently trigger a cascade of oxidative radical pathways, including those produced by LPO, which have bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects against pathogens including opportunistic bacteria. In addition to their role in host microbial defense, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play important physiological roles as second messenger cell signaling molecules, including cellular proliferation, differentiation and gene expression. There are several indications that the reactive species generated by peroxide have positive effects on human health, particularly in neonates; however, some important in vivo aspects of this system remain obscure. The primary dependence of the system on hydrogen peroxide has led us to propose it is particularly relevant to neonate mammals during milk feeding.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND

Lactoperoxidase (LPO) present in saliva are an important element of the nonspecific immune response involved in maintaining oral health. The main role of this enzyme is to oxidize salivary thiocyanate ions (SCN−) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to products that exhibit antimicrobial activity. LPO derived from bovine milk has found an application in food, cosmetics, and medical industries due to its structural and functional similarity to the human enzyme. Oral hygiene products enriched with the LPO system constitute an alternative to the classic fluoride caries prophylaxis. This review describes the physiological role of human salivary lactoperoxidase and compares the results of clinical trials and in vitro studies of LPO alone and complex dentifrices enriched with bovine LPO. The role of reactivators and inhibitors of LPO is discussed together with the possibility of using nanoparticles to increase the stabilization and activity of this enzyme.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Lactoperoxidase (LPO) (E.C. 1.11.1.7) is a member of the superfamily of mammalian heme peroxidases that is isolated from milk, and it is the first enzyme announced to be found in milk. In addition to milk, LPO is also found in saliva, tears, and airways (airway goblet cells and submucosal glands). It contributes significantly to the self-defense of the mammal body. It catalyzes the oxidation of certain molecules such as thiocyanate (SCN−), I−, and Br− in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This reaction leads to the formation of antimicrobial products that have a great antimicrobial spectrum, including antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity, especially hypothiocyanite (OSCN−) and hypoiodite (OI−), which are coming into prominence via their high antimicrobial activity. The lactoperoxidase system (LPOS) is the system consisting of LPO, H2O2, and SCN−. LPO has a great potential to be used in various areas such as preservation and shelf-life elongation of milk; milk products; meat; meat products; plants, including fruits and vegetables; and oral care, diagnosis, immunomodulation, and treatment of nephrotoxicity. The LPO gene, along with LPO itself, is important for animals. In the absence of the LPO gene, there is an increase in the frequency of diverse diseases, including inflammation, tumor formation, and obesity. In this review, we mentioned general information about the enzyme LPO and its potential. Chemical properties and other features of other components of the LPOS, H2O2, and SCN− were also touched on the review. To offer readers a comprehensive understanding of the enzyme’s biological significance and research progress over time, both recent and older studies have been used together. Lastly, we discussed potential applications of LPO in different areas and left future remarks in the light of recent studies.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Camel milk is widely used in arid desert areas, and it is of great importance from a health standpoint due to its chemical content and health benefits, which increase after fermentation as a result of the decomposition of its components by lactic acid bacteria. Among these components are the proteins that, when decomposed, produce bioactive peptides that help in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Thus, it is considered a functional food for human nutrition and to treat health problems in these areas due to its high nutritional value and ease of digestion. It has been proven that camel milk has many beneficial health effects, such as anti-bacterial activities because it contains lactoferrin, lysozyme, immune globulin, and lactoperoxidase, in addition to its ability to adjust cholesterol and blood sugar, and its possession of antioxidant, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and anti-cancer activities, and to treat digestive system problems. The effectiveness of these activities increases after fermenting camel milk with Lactic acid bacteria and probiotics are a result of the activity of these bacteria to break down the milk components of fats, proteins and carbohydrates into fatty acids, peptides and polysaccharides that are beneficial from a health standpoint and contribute to prolonging the shelf life of fermented products made from camel milk..

Abstract licence: CC BY