Do I need a prescription for Ketoconazole 200mg tablets?

Ketoconazole 200mg tablets is classified as a Valid as a prescribable product in the UK. However, always consult a pharmacist or doctor before use. (Source: NHS dm+d)

What are the brand names for Ketoconazole 200mg tablets?

Ketoconazole 200mg tablets is the generic name. It is available under brand names including: Ketoconazole 200mg tablets, Ketoconazole 200mg tablets, Ketoconazole 200mg tablets, Nizoral 200mg tablets. (Source: NHS dm+d — Actual Medicinal Products)

Ketoconazole 200mg tablets

Prescription only

Requires a prescription from a doctor or prescriber

Tablet

200mg

Oral

Antifungal drugs

Active ingredients:

Ketoconazole

BNF classificationBrowse formulary

Where this medicine sits in the British National Formulary — the UK's standard prescribing reference

BNF 05.02.02

ATC classificationBrowse ATC index

International classification by the WHO, grouping medicines by the organ system they act on

ATC J02AB02

Chemical classBrowse classes

Classification based on the molecule's chemical structure and properties

Check interactions for Ketoconazole

No active safety alerts

Official documents, adverse reaction reporting, and safety monitoring

Report a side effect

Submit a Yellow Card report to the MHRA

Official medicine documents

Yellow Card

Report side effects (MHRA)

Drug safety updates

MHRA alerts for Ketoconazole

Source: MHRA Products DatabaseOGL 3.0

Updated 3 months ago(16 Jan 2026)

Safety monitoring data

Yellow Card reports

MHRA

The MHRA Yellow Card scheme collects reports of suspected side effects from healthcare professionals and patients. View the Drug Analysis Profile (iDAP) for real-world adverse reaction data.

View Drug Analysis Profile

Suspected adverse reactions reported for Ketoconazole

Browse all iDAP reports

Interactive Drug Analysis Profiles for all medicines

Report a side effect

Submit a Yellow Card report to the MHRA

Data from the MHRA Yellow Card scheme. A reported reaction does not necessarily mean the medicine caused it. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.

EudraVigilance

EMA

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) collects suspected adverse reaction reports from across the EU/EEA through the EudraVigilance system. Search for safety data on this medicine.

View EudraVigilance report

Suspected adverse reactions reported for Ketoconazole

About EudraVigilance

Learn about EU pharmacovigilance and safety monitoring

EudraVigilance data is published by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). A suspected adverse reaction is not necessarily caused by the medicine.

4 branded products available

4 productsShow details

4 products

Possibly available on the UK marketDiscontinuedAvailability per NHS dm+d

MHRA licensed products

View all licensed products for Ketoconazole on the MHRA register

Ketoconazole 200mg tablets

Esteve Pharmaceuticals Ltd

Ketoconazole 200mg tablets

A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd

Nizoral 200mg tablets

Janssen-Cilag Ltd

Discontinued

Ketoconazole 200mg tablets

Alliance Healthcare (Distribution) Ltd

Discontinued

Source: NHS dm+dOGL 3.0

Updated about 1 month ago(1 Mar 2026)

Price & daily doseShow details

£540.75indicative price

This is the NHS Drug Tariff indicative price used for reimbursement purposes. It may not reflect the price paid by patients or pharmacies.

View full Drug Tariff

Source: NHS Drug Tariff via NHSBSA. Derived from dm+d VMPP (Virtual Medicinal Product Pack) pricing data. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.

WHO defined daily dose (DDD)

200 mg

Not a recommended dose. The DDD is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults. It is a statistical measure used for research and comparison purposes only.

Source: WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, distributed via NHS dm+d BNF mapping files. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.

Therapeutically similar medicines

10 similarShow details

Ketoconazole 75mg/5ml oral suspension

Oral suspension

75mg/5ml

Same therapeutic group

Ketoconazole 100mg/5ml oral suspension

Oral suspension

100mg/5ml

Same therapeutic group

Ketoconazole 60mg/5ml oral suspension

Oral suspension

60mg/5ml

Same therapeutic group

Fluconazole 200mg/100ml infusion polyethylene bottles

Infusion

200mg/100ml

Same BNF section

Flucytosine 500mg capsules

Capsule

500mg

Same BNF section

Similarity based on WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and NHS BNF section grouping. Source data: NHS dm+d via TRUD (OGL v3.0), WHO ATC/DDD Index.

NHS prescribing volume and spending trends

Show details

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Clinical guidelines and formulary information

British National Formulary

Ketoconazole

BNF

Drug monograph — bnf.nice.org.uk

Source: British National Formulary, NICE. Joint Formulary Committee. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.

NICE clinical guidance(7)

Abiraterone for treating metastatic hormone-relapsed prostate cancer before chemotherapy is indicated (TA387)

TA387

Technology appraisal

Updated Jul 2016

Erectile dysfunction: avanafil (ESNM45)

ESNM45

Evidence summary

Updated Aug 2014

Ticagrelor for preventing atherothrombotic events after myocardial infarction (TA420)

TA420

Technology appraisal

Updated Dec 2016

Edoxaban for preventing stroke and systemic embolism in people with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (TA355)

TA355

Technology appraisal

Updated Jul 2021

Promoting tolerance of enteral feeds in children and young people: domperidone (ESUOM18)

ESUOM18

Evidence summary

Updated Sept 2014

Ticagrelor for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes (TA236)

TA236

Technology appraisal

Updated Oct 2011

Dabigatran etexilate for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in atrial fibrillation (TA249)

TA249

Technology appraisal

Updated Jul 2021

Source: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.

Check stock at pharmacies and supply information

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Pharmacy stock checkers

Search for this medicine at major UK pharmacy chains. These links open the retailer's own website — results depend on their current online catalogue.

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Supply & product information

Official product databases and supply status monitoring

Shortages info

NHS Specialist Pharmacy Service (SPS)

emc product search

Discontinuations & alternatives for Ketoconazole

Pharmacy links redirect to the retailer's own search and do not represent real-time stock levels. emc (electronic medicines compendium) is operated by Datapharm Ltd. Shortage information sourced from NHS Specialist Pharmacy Service (SPS), sps.nhs.uk.

Codes for healthcare professionals and prescribing systems

Show details

These codes are used by healthcare IT systems and prescribers to identify this medicine.

NHS UK identifiers

SNOMED CT

41789811000001102

dm+d ID

41789811000001102

VTM (Virtual Therapeutic Moiety)

776449008

VMP (Virtual Medicinal Product)

41789811000001102

BNF code

05020200

International identifiers

ATC code — Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (WHO)

J02AB02

Browse tools

dm+d Browser

NHSBSA medicines dictionary lookup

SNOMED CT and dm+d codes from NHS TRUD (Technology Reference data Update Distribution), licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. BNF codes from NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA). ATC codes from the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (whocc.no).

Active and completed clinical studies from ClinicalTrials.gov

Show details

Searching UK clinical trials...

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Data accessed via ClinicalTrials.gov API v2. Trial information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.

Pharmacology and chemical data from DrugBank

go.drugbank.com

Key facts

Drug status

Approved

Major interactions

1 found

Half-life

2 hours

Mechanism

Ketoconazole interacts with 14-α-sterol demethylase, a cytochrome P-450 en…

Food interactions

3 warnings

Human targets

6 targets

Data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0

Pharmacokinetics at a glance

Absorption

10%

Ketoconazole requires an acidic environment to become soluble in water.
[A181805]…

Half-life

2 hours

Ketoconazole experiences biphasic elimination with the first phase having a half-life of 2 hours and a terminal half life of 8 hours.
[A181802]

Protein binding

84%

Ketoconazole is approximately 84% bound to plasma albumin with another 15% associated with blood cells for a total of 99% binding within the plasma.
[A181802]…

Volume of distribution

25.41 L

Ketoconazole has an estimated volume of distribution of 25.41 L or 0.36…

Metabolism

The major metabolite of ketoconazole appears to be M2, an end product resulting from oxidation of the imidazole moiety.
[A181868]…

Elimination

2-4%

Only 2-4% of the ketoconazole dose is eliminated unchanged in the urine.
[A181802]
Over 95% is eliminated through hepatic metabolism.

Clearance

8.66 L/h

Ketoconazole has an estimated clearance of 8.66 L/h.
[A181802]

Pharmacokinetic data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0

Status:

Approved

Investigational

Small molecule

About this compound

Ketoconazole is an imidazole antifungal agent used in the prevention and treatment of a variety of fungal infections.[FDA Label] It functions by preventing the synthesis of ergosterol, the fungal equivalent of cholesterol, thereby increasing membrane fluidity and preventing growth of the fungus.[A181802,T116] Ketoconazole was first approved in an oral formulation for systemic use by the FDA in 1981.[A188054] At this time it was considered a significant improvement over previous antifungals, [miconazole] and [clotrimazole], due to its broad spectrum and good absorption. However, it was discovered that ketoconazole produces frequent gastrointestinal side effects and dose-related hepatitis.[A188054][A188057] These effects combined with waning efficacy led to its eventual replacement by triazole agents, [fluconazole], [itraconazole], [voriconazole], and [posaconazole]. Ketoconazole and its predecessor [clotrimazole] continue to be used in topical formulations.

Properties:

solid

Avg. mass: 531.43 Da

View FDA drug label

DrugBank indication

Ketoconazole is used in the treatment or prevention of fungal infections including blastomycosis, candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, chromomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis.[FDA Label] In Europe, it is also used in the treatment of endogenous Cushing's syndrome.
[L7736]

Also known as(237)

Ketoconazol

Ketoconazole

Ketoconazolum

Ketozole

1.14.13.70

1.14.14.154

CYP51

CYPLI

Dosage forms(106)

Cream (Topical) — 2 % w/w

Capsule, liquid filled (Vaginal)

Insert (Vaginal) — 119.000 mg

Solution (Cutaneous) — 2.000 g

Powder (Cutaneous) — 2.000 g

Ointment (Topical) — 2 g

Insert (Vaginal) — 0.400 g

Solution (Topical)

Molecular properties(18)

Drug interactions(1517)

Known interactions with other medications. Always consult a healthcare professional.

Afatinib

Unknown severity

DB08916

The serum concentration of Afatinib can be increased when it is combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Cyclosporine

Moderate

DB00091

Ketoconazole may increase the nephrotoxic activities of Cyclosporine.

Check this interaction

Bosutinib

Unknown severity

DB06616

The serum concentration of Bosutinib can be increased when it is combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Brentuximab vedotin

Unknown severity

DB08870

The serum concentration of Brentuximab vedotin can be increased when it is combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid

Moderate

DB02123

Ketoconazole may decrease the excretion rate of Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Glimepiride

Moderate

DB00222

Ketoconazole may decrease the excretion rate of Glimepiride which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Olmesartan

Moderate

DB00275

Olmesartan may decrease the excretion rate of Ketoconazole which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Spironolactone

Unknown severity

DB00421

The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Ketoconazole is combined with Spironolactone.

Check this interaction

Atropine

Moderate

DB00572

Ketoconazole may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Fluorescein

Moderate

DB00693

Ketoconazole may decrease the excretion rate of Fluorescein which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Nitrofurantoin

Moderate

DB00698

Ketoconazole may decrease the excretion rate of Nitrofurantoin which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Cefaclor

Moderate

DB00833

Ketoconazole may decrease the excretion rate of Cefaclor which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Telmisartan

Moderate

DB00966

Ketoconazole may decrease the excretion rate of Telmisartan which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Dipyridamole

Moderate

DB00975

Ketoconazole may decrease the excretion rate of Dipyridamole which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Sulfamethoxazole

Moderate

DB01015

Ketoconazole may decrease the excretion rate of Sulfamethoxazole which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Ofloxacin

Moderate

DB01165

Ketoconazole may decrease the excretion rate of Ofloxacin which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Taurocholic acid

Moderate

DB04348

Ketoconazole may decrease the excretion rate of Taurocholic acid which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Pitavastatin

Moderate

DB08860

The metabolism of Pitavastatin can be decreased when combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Indocyanine green acid form

Moderate

DB09374

Ketoconazole may decrease the excretion rate of Indocyanine green acid form which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Benzbromarone

Moderate

DB12319

Ketoconazole may decrease the excretion rate of Benzbromarone which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Pilsicainide

Moderate

DB12712

Ketoconazole may decrease the excretion rate of Pilsicainide which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Glycyrrhizic acid

Moderate

DB13751

Ketoconazole may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Flucloxacillin

Moderate

DB00301

Ketoconazole may decrease the excretion rate of Flucloxacillin which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Glipizide

Moderate

DB01067

Ketoconazole may decrease the excretion rate of Glipizide which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Belantamab mafodotin

Moderate

DB15719

Ketoconazole may decrease the excretion rate of Belantamab mafodotin which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Edoxaban

Unknown severity

DB09075

The serum concentration of Edoxaban can be increased when it is combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Ledipasvir

Unknown severity

DB09027

The serum concentration of Ledipasvir can be increased when it is combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Naloxegol

Unknown severity

DB09049

The serum concentration of Naloxegol can be increased when it is combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Pazopanib

Unknown severity

DB06589

The serum concentration of Pazopanib can be increased when it is combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Prucalopride

Unknown severity

DB06480

The serum concentration of Prucalopride can be increased when it is combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Silodosin

Unknown severity

DB06207

The excretion of Silodosin can be decreased when combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Topotecan

Unknown severity

DB01030

The serum concentration of Topotecan can be increased when it is combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Cilostazol

Unknown severity

DB01166

The serum concentration of Cilostazol can be increased when it is combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Amphotericin B

Moderate

DB00681

The therapeutic efficacy of Amphotericin B can be decreased when used in combination with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Didanosine

Moderate

DB00900

Didanosine can cause a decrease in the absorption of Ketoconazole resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.

Check this interaction

Eliglustat

Moderate

DB09039

The metabolism of Eliglustat can be decreased when combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Ibrutinib

Moderate

DB09053

The metabolism of Ibrutinib can be decreased when combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Everolimus

Unknown severity

DB01590

The serum concentration of Everolimus can be increased when it is combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Rifaximin

Unknown severity

DB01220

The serum concentration of Rifaximin can be increased when it is combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Sildenafil

Unknown severity

DB00203

The serum concentration of Sildenafil can be increased when it is combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Colchicine

Unknown severity

DB01394

The serum concentration of Colchicine can be increased when it is combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Fentanyl

Moderate

DB00813

The metabolism of Fentanyl can be decreased when combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Iloperidone

Moderate

DB04946

The metabolism of Iloperidone can be decreased when combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Retapamulin

Moderate

DB01256

The metabolism of Retapamulin can be decreased when combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Tofacitinib

Moderate

DB08895

The metabolism of Tofacitinib can be decreased when combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Zolmitriptan

Moderate

DB00315

The metabolism of Zolmitriptan can be decreased when combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Atomoxetine

Moderate

DB00289

The metabolism of Atomoxetine can be decreased when combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

R,S-Warfarin alcohol

Unknown severity

DB08735

The serum concentration of R,S-Warfarin alcohol can be increased when it is combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

S,R-Warfarin alcohol

Unknown severity

DB08736

The serum concentration of S,R-Warfarin alcohol can be increased when it is combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Midazolam

Unknown severity

DB00683

The serum concentration of Midazolam can be increased when it is combined with Ketoconazole.

Check this interaction

Showing 50 of 1517 interactions

Food & lifestyle interactions

Avoid Alcohol

Avoid alcohol. Drinking alcohol while on ketoconazole treatment may cause liver injury.

Advice

Avoid multivalent ions. They may decrease ketoconazole concentrations.

Take With Food

Take with food. Food decreases gastrointestinal irritation caused by ketoconazole.

Toxicity & overdose

Symptoms of overdose include acute liver injury, which may include both hepatocellular and cholestatic injury, accompanied by anorexia, fatigue, nausea, and jaundice.
[L10292][A188048]
In case of overdose, gastric lavage with activated charcoal may be used if within one hour of ketoconazole ingestion otherwise provide supportive care.[FDA Label,L7736] If the patient shows signs of adrenal insufficiency, administer 100 mg hydrocortisone once together with saline and glucose infusion and monitor the patient closely. Blood pressure and fluid and electrolyte balance should be monitored over the next few days.
[L7736]

How it works

Mechanism of action

Ketoconazole interacts with 14-α-sterol demethylase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme necessary for the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol.[A181802,T116] This results in inhibition of ergosterol synthesis and increased fungal cellular permeability due to reduced amounts of ergosterol present in the fungal cell membrane. This metabolic inhibition also results in accumulation of 14α-methyl-3,6-diol, a toxic metabolite. The increase in membrane fluidity is also thought to produce impairment of membrane-bound enzyme systems as components become less closely packed.

Pharmacodynamics

Ketoconazole, similarly to other azole antifungals, is a fungistatic agent which causes growth arrest in fungal cells thereby preventing growth and spread of the fungus throughout the body.T116

Pharmacokinetics

How the body processes this drug — absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination

Absorption

Ketoconazole requires an acidic environment to become soluble in water.
[A181805]
At pH values above 3 it becomes increasingly insoluble with about 10% entering solution in 1 h. At pH less than 3 dissolution is 85% complete in 5 min and entirely complete within 30 min. A single 200 mg oral dose produces a Cmax of 2.5-3 mcg/mL with a Tmax of 1-4 h.
[A181802][L7739]
Administering ketoconazole with food consistently increases Cmax and delays Tmax but literature is contradictory regarding the effect on AUC, which may experience a small decrease.
[A181802][A181805]
A bioavailablity of 76% has been reported for ketoconazole.
[A181802]

Half-life

Ketoconazole experiences biphasic elimination with the first phase having a half-life of 2 hours and a terminal half life of 8 hours.
[A181802]

Protein binding

Ketoconazole is approximately 84% bound to plasma albumin with another 15% associated with blood cells for a total of 99% binding within the plasma.
[A181802]

Volume of distribution

Ketoconazole has an estimated volume of distribution of 25.41 L or 0.36 L/kg.
[A181802]
It distributes widely among the tissues, reaching effective concentrations in the skin, tendons, tears, and saliva.
[A181805]
Distribution to vaginal tissue produces concentrations 2.4 times lower than plasma. Penetration into the CNS, bone, and seminal fluid are minimal. Ketoconazole has been found to enter the breast milk and cross the placenta in animal studies.
[A181802]

Metabolism

The major metabolite of ketoconazole appears to be M2, an end product resulting from oxidation of the imidazole moiety.
[A181868]
CYP3A4 is known to be the primary contributor to this reaction with some contribution from CYP2D6. Other metabolites resulting from CYP3A4 mediated oxidation of the imidazole moiety include M3, M4, and M5. Ketoconazole may also undergo N-deacetylation to M14, , alkyl oxidation to M7, N-oxidation to M13, or aromatic hydroxylation to M8, or hydroxylation to M9.

M9 may further undergo oxidation of the hydroxyl to form M12, N-dealkylation to form M10 with a subsequent N-dealkylation to M15, or may form an iminium ion. No metabolites are known to be active however oxidation metabolites of M14 have been implicated in cytotoxicity.

Route of elimination

Only 2-4% of the ketoconazole dose is eliminated unchanged in the urine.
[A181802]
Over 95% is eliminated through hepatic metabolism.

Clearance

Ketoconazole has an estimated clearance of 8.66 L/h.
[A181802]

Drug targets(6)

Proteins and enzymes this drug interacts with in the body

Steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase

BE0000344

CYP17A1

inhibitor

Specific functionheme binding

Cellular location

Endoplasmic reticulum membrane

General function & pharmacology

A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in corticoid and androgen biosynthesis .
PMID:22266943 PMID:25301938 PMID:27339894 PMID:9452426

Catalyzes 17-alpha hydroxylation of C21 steroids, which is common for both pathways. A second oxidative step, required only for androgen synthesis, involves an acyl-carbon cleavage. The 17-alpha hydroxy intermediates, as part of adrenal glucocorticoids biosynthesis pathway, are precursors of cortisol (Probable) .
PMID:25301938 PMID:9452426
Hydroxylates steroid hormones, pregnenolone and progesterone to form 17-alpha hydroxy metabolites, followed by the cleavage of the C17-C20 bond to form C19 steroids, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione .
PMID:22266943 PMID:25301938 PMID:27339894 PMID:36640554 PMID:9452426

Has 16-alpha hydroxylase activity.

Catalyzes 16-alpha hydroxylation of 17-alpha hydroxy pregnenolone, followed by the cleavage of the C17-C20 bond to form 16-alpha-hydroxy DHEA .
PMID:36640554
Also 16-alpha hydroxylates androgens, relevant for estriol synthesis .
PMID:25301938 PMID:27339894
Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase) PMID:22266943 PMID:25301938 PMID:27339894 PMID:9452426

Androgen receptor

BE0000132

binder

Specific functionandrogen binding

Cellular location

Nucleus

General function & pharmacology

Steroid hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues .
PMID:19022849
Transcription factor activity is modulated by bound coactivator and corepressor proteins like ZBTB7A that recruits NCOR1 and NCOR2 to the androgen response elements/ARE on target genes, negatively regulating androgen receptor signaling and androgen-induced cell proliferation .
PMID:20812024
Transcription activation is also down-regulated by NR0B2. Activated, but not phosphorylated, by HIPK3 and ZIPK/DAPK3

Steroid 21-hydroxylase

BE0004873

CYP21A2

inhibitor

Specific function17-hydroxyprogesterone 21-hydroxylase activity

Cellular location

Endoplasmic reticulum membrane

General function & pharmacology

A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that plays a major role in adrenal steroidogenesis. Catalyzes the hydroxylation at C-21 of progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone to respectively form 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol, intermediate metabolites in the biosynthetic pathway of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids .
PMID:10602386 PMID:16984992 PMID:22014889 PMID:25855791 PMID:27721825

Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase) PMID:25855791

Voltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel KCNH2

BE0000090

KCNH2

inhibitor

Specific functiondelayed rectifier potassium channel activity

Cellular location

Cell membrane

General function & pharmacology

Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of voltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel .
PMID:10219239 PMID:10753933 PMID:10790218 PMID:10837251 PMID:11997281 PMID:12063277 PMID:18559421 PMID:22314138 PMID:22359612 PMID:26363003 PMID:27916661 PMID:9230439 PMID:9351446 PMID:9765245

Channel properties are modulated by cAMP and subunit assembly .
PMID:10837251
Characterized by unusual gating kinetics by producing relatively small outward currents during membrane depolarization and large inward currents during subsequent repolarization which reflect a rapid inactivation during depolarization and quick recovery from inactivation but slow deactivation (closing) during repolarization .
PMID:10219239 PMID:10753933 PMID:10790218 PMID:10837251 PMID:11997281 PMID:12063277 PMID:18559421 PMID:22314138 PMID:22359612 PMID:26363003 PMID:27916661 PMID:9230439 PMID:9351446 PMID:9765245

Forms a stable complex with KCNE1 or KCNE2, and that this heteromultimerization regulates inward rectifier potassium channel activity PMID:10219239 PMID:9230439

Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2

BE0000956

NR1I2

antagonist

Specific functionDNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific

Cellular location

Nucleus

General function & pharmacology

Nuclear receptor that binds and is activated by variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Transcription factor that activates the transcription of multiple genes involved in the metabolism and secretion of potentially harmful xenobiotics, drugs and endogenous compounds. Activated by the antibiotic rifampicin and various plant metabolites, such as hyperforin, guggulipid, colupulone, and isoflavones.

Response to specific ligands is species-specific. Activated by naturally occurring steroids, such as pregnenolone and progesterone. Binds to a response element in the promoters of the CYP3A4 and ABCB1/MDR1 genes

Metabolizing enzymes(18)

Enzymes involved in drug metabolism — important for understanding drug interactions

Enzyme activity key

substrate

inhibitor

inducer

CYP3A4Cytochrome P450 3A4

substrate

inhibitor

CYP3A5Cytochrome P450 3A5

inhibitor

CYP2C19Cytochrome P450 2C19

inhibitor

CYP1A1Cytochrome P450 1A1

inhibitor

inducer

CYP1A2Cytochrome P450 1A2

inhibitor

CYP2A6Cytochrome P450 2A6

inhibitor

CYP1B1Cytochrome P450 1B1

inhibitor

CYP2B6Cytochrome P450 2B6

inhibitor

CYP2C8Cytochrome P450 2C8

inhibitor

CYP2C9Cytochrome P450 2C9

inhibitor

CYP2D6Cytochrome P450 2D6

inhibitor

CYP11B1Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial

inhibitor

UGT1A1UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1

inhibitor

UGT1A7UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7

inhibitor

UGT2B7UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7

inhibitor

CYP4F12Cytochrome P450 4F12

inhibitor

CYP19A1Aromatase

inhibitor

CYP4F2Cytochrome P450 4F2

inhibitor

Transporters(3)

Proteins that transport this drug across cell membranes

ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1

BE0001032

ABCB1

inhibitor

Specific functionABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity

Cellular location

Cell membrane

General function & pharmacology

Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane .
PMID:2897240 PMID:35970996 PMID:8898203 PMID:9038218 PMID:35507548

Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins .
PMID:8898203
Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells PMID:2897240 PMID:35970996 PMID:9038218

Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1

BE0001004

SLCO1B1

inhibitor

Specific functionbile acid transmembrane transporter activity

Cellular location

Basolateral cell membrane

General function & pharmacology

Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions .
PMID:10358072 PMID:15159445 PMID:17412826

Shows broad substrate specificity, can transport both organic anions such as bile acid taurocholate (cholyltaurine) and conjugated steroids (dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, and estrone 3-sulfate), as well as eicosanoids (prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene C4, and leukotriene E4), and thyroid hormones (T4/L-thyroxine, and T3/3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine) .
PMID:10358072 PMID:10601278 PMID:10873595 PMID:11159893 PMID:12196548 PMID:12568656 PMID:15159445 PMID:15970799 PMID:16627748 PMID:17412826 PMID:19129463 PMID:26979622

Can take up bilirubin glucuronides from plasma into the liver, contributing to the detoxification-enhancing liver-blood shuttling loop .
PMID:22232210
Involved in the clearance of endogenous and exogenous substrates from the liver .
PMID:10358072 PMID:10601278
Transports coproporphyrin I and III, by-products of heme synthesis, and may be involved in their hepatic disposition .
PMID:26383540
May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Can transport HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also known as statins), such as pravastatin and pitavastatin, a clinically important class of hypolipidemic drugs .
PMID:10601278 PMID:15159445 PMID:15970799

May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate .
PMID:23243220
May also transport antihypertension agents, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor prodrug enalapril, and the highly selective angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist valsartan, in the liver .
PMID:16624871 PMID:16627748
Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity towards prostaglandin E2 and T4 which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment .
PMID:19129463
Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions PMID:19129463

Bile salt export pump

BE0000703

ABCB11

inhibitor

Specific functionABC-type bile acid transporter activity

Cellular location

Apical cell membrane

General function & pharmacology

Catalyzes the transport of the major hydrophobic bile salts, such as taurine and glycine-conjugated cholic acid across the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes in an ATP-dependent manner, therefore participates in hepatic bile acid homeostasis and consequently to lipid homeostasis through regulation of biliary lipid secretion in a bile salts dependent manner .
PMID:15791618 PMID:16332456 PMID:18985798 PMID:19228692 PMID:20010382 PMID:20398791 PMID:22262466 PMID:24711118 PMID:29507376 PMID:32203132

Transports taurine-conjugated bile salts more rapidly than glycine-conjugated bile salts .
PMID:16332456
Also transports non-bile acid compounds, such as pravastatin and fexofenadine in an ATP-dependent manner and may be involved in their biliary excretion PMID:15901796 PMID:18245269

Carriers(2)

Proteins that carry this drug through the body

Albumin

BE0000530

ALB

ligand

Specific functionantioxidant activity

Cellular location

Secreted

General function & pharmacology

Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc .
PMID:19021548
Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity).

Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity).

Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli .
PMID:6234017
Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin PMID:6234017

Sex hormone-binding globulin

BE0000685

SHBG

ligand

Specific functionandrogen binding

Cellular location

Secreted

General function & pharmacology

Functions as an androgen transport protein, but may also be involved in receptor mediated processes. Each dimer binds one molecule of steroid. Specific for 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, and 17-beta-estradiol.

Regulates the plasma metabolic clearance rate of steroid hormones by controlling their plasma concentration

Scientific references(10)

Goeders N.E., Peltier R.L., Guerin G.F.

Ketoconazole reduces low dose cocaine self-administration in rats.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

199853(1):67-77. doi: 10.1016/s0376-8716(98)00108-2

PMID: 10933341 DOI: 10.1016/s0376-8716(98)00108-2

Berwaerts J., Verhelst J., Mahler C., Abs R.

Cushing's syndrome in pregnancy treated by ketoconazole: Case report and review of the literature.

Gynecological Endocrinology

199913(3):175-182. doi: 10.3109/09513599909167552

PMID: 10451809 DOI: 10.3109/09513599909167552

Kazy Z., Puho E., Czeizel A.E.

Population‐based case–control study of oral ketoconazole treatment for birth outcomes.

Congenital Anomalies

200545(1):5-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2005.00053.x

PMID: 15737124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2005.00053.x

Pierard-Franchimont C., Goffin V., Decroix J., Pierard G.E.

A Multicenter Randomized Trial of Ketoconazole 2% and Zinc Pyrithione 1% Shampoos in Severe Dandruff and Seborrheic Dermatitis.

Skin Pharmacology and Physiology

200215(6):434-441. doi: 10.1159/000066452

PMID: 12476017 DOI: 10.1159/000066452

Van Tyle J.H.

Ketoconazole; Mechanism of Action, Spectrum of Activity, Pharmacokinetics, Drug Interactions, Adverse Reactions and Therapeutic Use.

Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy

19844(6):343-373. doi: 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1984.tb03398.x

PMID: 6151171 DOI: 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1984.tb03398.x

Daneshmend T.K., Warnock D.W.

Clinical pharmacokinetics of ketoconazole.

Clinical Pharmacokinetics

1988 Jan14(1):13-34. doi: 10.2165/00003088-198814010-00002

PMID: 3280211 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-198814010-00002

Kim T.H., Kim B.H., Kim Y.W., Yang D.M., Han Y.S., Dong S.H., Kim H.J., Chang Y.W., Lee J.I., Chang R.

Liver cirrhosis developed after ketoconazole-induced acute hepatic injury.

Journal Gastroenterol Hepatol

2003 Dec18(12):1426-9. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2003.02852.x

PMID: 14675275 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2003.02852.x

Fitch W.L., Tran T., Young M., Liu L., Chen Y.

Revisiting the Metabolism of Ketoconazole Using Accurate Mass.

Drug Metabolism Letters

20093(3):191-198. doi: 10.2174/187231209789352085

PMID: 19799546 DOI: 10.2174/187231209789352085

Maertens J.A.

History of the development of azole derivatives.

Clinical Microbiology Infectious

2004 Mar10 Suppl 1:1-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1470-9465.2004.00841.x

PMID: 14748798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1470-9465.2004.00841.x

Gupta A.K., Lyons D.C.

The Rise and Fall of Oral Ketoconazole.

Journal Cutan Medicine Surgery

2015 Jul-Aug19(4):352-7. doi: 10.1177/1203475415574970. Epub 2015 Mar 5

PMID: 25775613 DOI: 10.1177/1203475415574970

ATC classification(5 codes)

ATC G01AF11

ATC G01AF20

ATC J02AB02

ATC H02CA03

ATC D01AC08

International brands(10)

Experimental properties(2)

External resources(3)

RxList PDRhealth Drugs.com

Commercial products(188)

Chemical identifiers

CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references

Show

Linked compound data from DrugBank Open Data (CC BY-NC 4.0)

Ketoconazole

DB01026

CAS number

65277-42-1

UNII (FDA)

R9400W927I

InChI Key (molecular fingerprint)

XMAYWYJOQHXEEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Additional database identifiers

Drugs Product Database (DPD)

1855

ChEBI

48339

PubChem Compound

3823

PubChem Substance

46506746

KEGG Drug

D00351

ChemSpider

3691

BindingDB

151585

PharmGKB

PA450146

PDB

KTN

Therapeutic Targets Database

DAP000630

Wikipedia

Ketoconazole

ChEMBL

CHEMBL157101

RxCUI

6135

GenBank Gene Database

L40389

GenBank Protein Database

755693

UniProtKB

P50859

UniProt Accession

CP51_CANGA

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2593

GenAtlas

CYP17A1

GeneCards

CYP17A1

GenBank Gene Database

M14564

GenBank Protein Database

181342

Guide to Pharmacology

1361

UniProtKB

P05093

UniProt Accession

CP17A_HUMAN

GenBank Gene Database

X13296

GenBank Protein Database

578119

UniProtKB

P10613

UniProt Accession

CP51_CANAL

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:644

GenAtlas

GeneCards

GenBank Gene Database

M20132

GenBank Protein Database

178628

IUPHAR

628

Guide to Pharmacology

628

UniProtKB

P10275

UniProt Accession

ANDR_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2600

GeneCards

CYP21A2

UniProtKB

P08686

UniProt Accession

CP21A_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:6251

GenAtlas

KCNH2

GeneCards

KCNH2

GenBank Gene Database

U04270

GenBank Protein Database

487738

IUPHAR

572

Guide to Pharmacology

572

UniProtKB

Q12809

UniProt Accession

KCNH2_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:7968

GenAtlas

NR1I2

GeneCards

NR1I2

GenBank Gene Database

AF061056

GenBank Protein Database

3511138

IUPHAR

606

Guide to Pharmacology

606

UniProtKB

O75469

UniProt Accession

NR1I2_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:7969

GeneCards

NR1I3

GenBank Gene Database

Z30425

GenBank Protein Database

458542

Guide to Pharmacology

607

UniProtKB

Q14994

UniProt Accession

NR1I3_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2637

GenAtlas

CYP3A4

GeneCards

CYP3A4

GenBank Gene Database

M18907

Guide to Pharmacology

1337

UniProtKB

P08684

UniProt Accession

CP3A4_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2638

GenAtlas

CYP3A5

GeneCards

CYP3A5

GenBank Gene Database

J04813

GenBank Protein Database

181346

Guide to Pharmacology

1338

UniProtKB

P20815

UniProt Accession

CP3A5_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2621

GeneCards

CYP2C19

GenBank Gene Database

M61854

GenBank Protein Database

181344

Guide to Pharmacology

1328

UniProtKB

P33261

UniProt Accession

CP2CJ_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2595

GeneCards

CYP1A1

GenBank Gene Database

K03191

GenBank Protein Database

181276

Guide to Pharmacology

1318

UniProtKB

P04798

UniProt Accession

CP1A1_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2596

GenAtlas

CYP1A2

GeneCards

CYP1A2

GenBank Gene Database

Z00036

Guide to Pharmacology

1319

UniProtKB

P05177

UniProt Accession

CP1A2_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2610

GenAtlas

CYP2A6

GeneCards

CYP2A6

GenBank Gene Database

X13897

Guide to Pharmacology

1321

UniProtKB

P11509

UniProt Accession

CP2A6_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2597

GenAtlas

CYP1B1

GeneCards

CYP1B1

GenBank Gene Database

U03688

GenBank Protein Database

501031

Guide to Pharmacology

1320

UniProtKB

Q16678

UniProt Accession

CP1B1_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2615

GeneCards

CYP2B6

GenBank Gene Database

M29874

GenBank Protein Database

181296

Guide to Pharmacology

1324

UniProtKB

P20813

UniProt Accession

CP2B6_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2622

GenAtlas

CYP2C8

GeneCards

CYP2C8

GenBank Gene Database

M17397

Guide to Pharmacology

1325

UniProtKB

P10632

UniProt Accession

CP2C8_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2623

GenAtlas

CYP2C9

GeneCards

CYP2C9

GenBank Gene Database

AY341248

Guide to Pharmacology

1326

UniProtKB

P11712

UniProt Accession

CP2C9_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2625

GenAtlas

CYP2D6

GeneCards

CYP2D6

GenBank Gene Database

M20403

GenBank Protein Database

181350

Guide to Pharmacology

1329

UniProtKB

P10635

UniProt Accession

CP2D6_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2591

GenAtlas

CYP11B1

GeneCards

CYP11B1

GenBank Gene Database

M32879

GenBank Protein Database

181333

Guide to Pharmacology

1359

UniProtKB

P15538

UniProt Accession

C11B1_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:12530

GeneCards

UGT1A1

GenBank Gene Database

M57899

GenBank Protein Database

184473

Guide to Pharmacology

2990

UniProtKB

P22309

UniProt Accession

UD11_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:12539

GeneCards

UGT1A7

UniProtKB

Q9HAW7

UniProt Accession

UD17_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:12554

GeneCards

UGT2B7

GenBank Gene Database

J05428

GenBank Protein Database

340080

UniProtKB

P16662

UniProt Accession

UD2B7_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:18857

GeneCards

CYP4F12

Guide to Pharmacology

1348

UniProtKB

Q9HCS2

UniProt Accession

CP4FC_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2594

GenAtlas

CYP19A1

GeneCards

CYP19A1

GenBank Gene Database

M22246

GenBank Protein Database

179002

Guide to Pharmacology

1362

UniProtKB

P11511

UniProt Accession

CP19A_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2645

GeneCards

CYP4F2

Guide to Pharmacology

1344

UniProtKB

P78329

UniProt Accession

CP4F2_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:399

GenAtlas

ALB

GeneCards

ALB

GenBank Gene Database

V00494

GenBank Protein Database

28590

UniProtKB

P02768

UniProt Accession

ALBU_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:10839

GenAtlas

SHBG

GeneCards

SHBG

GenBank Gene Database

X16349

GenBank Protein Database

296673

UniProtKB

P04278

UniProt Accession

SHBG_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:40

GenAtlas

ABCB1

GeneCards

ABCB1

GenBank Gene Database

M14758

GenBank Protein Database

307180

Guide to Pharmacology

768

UniProtKB

P08183

UniProt Accession

MDR1_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:10959

GenAtlas

SLCO1B1

GeneCards

SLCO1B1

GenBank Gene Database

AF060500

GenBank Protein Database

5051630

Guide to Pharmacology

1220

UniProtKB

Q9Y6L6

UniProt Accession

SO1B1_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:42

GenAtlas

ABCB11

GeneCards

ABCB11

GenBank Gene Database

AF091582

GenBank Protein Database

3873243

Guide to Pharmacology

778

UniProtKB

O95342

UniProt Accession

ABCBB_HUMAN

International reference pricing

20 formulations

Reference pricing from DrugBank. Prices are indicative and may not reflect current UK costs.

From $0.07/ml

To $375.44/can

Nizoral a-d 1% shampoo

$0.07/ml

Ketoconazole 2% shampoo

$0.23/ml

Ketoderm 2 % Cream

$0.35/g

Ketoconazole 2% cream

$1.10/g

Nizoral 2% cream

$1.22/g

Source: DrugBank. Used under CC BY-NC 4.0 academic licence for non-commercial purposes.

Patent information

All patents expired, 6 expired

8232276

United States

Approved 31 Jul 2012 · Expires 24 Nov 2020

Expired

7179475

United States

Approved 20 Feb 2007 · Expires 4 Dec 2018

Expired

8735393

United States

Approved 27 May 2014 · Expires 4 Dec 2018

Expired

7553835

United States

Approved 30 Jun 2009 · Expires 19 Oct 2018

Expired

8026238

United States

Approved 27 Sept 2011 · Expires 19 Oct 2018

Expired

Patent protection has expired — generic versions may be available.

Source: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0. Patent data sourced from national patent offices. Expiry dates may not reflect extensions, regulatory exclusivity periods, or legal challenges.

DrugBank citations

If you use DrugBank data in your research, please cite the following publications:

Knox C., Wilson M., Klinger C.M., et al

DrugBank 6.

0: the DrugBank Knowledgebase for 2024

Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 552(D1):D1265-D1275

PMID: 37953279

Wishart D.S., Feunang Y.D., Guo A.C., et al

DrugBank 5.

0: a major update to the DrugBank database for 2018

Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Nov 846(D1):D1074-D1082

PMID: 29126136

Show earlier publications

Law V., Knox C., Djoumbou Y., et al

DrugBank 4.

0: shedding new light on drug metabolism

Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jan 142(1):D1091-7

PMID: 24203711

Knox C., Law V., Jewison T., et al

DrugBank 3.

0: a comprehensive resource for 'omics' research on drugs

Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan39(Database issue):D1035-41

PMID: 21059682

Wishart D.S., Knox C., Guo A.C., et al

DrugBank: a knowledgebase for drugs, drug actions and drug targets.

Nucleic Acids Research

2008 Jan36(Database issue):D901-6

PMID: 18048412

Wishart D.S., Knox C., Guo A.C., et al

DrugBank: a comprehensive resource for in silico drug discovery and exploration.

Nucleic Acids Research

2006 Jan 134(Database issue):D668-72

PMID: 16381955

Source: go.drugbank.comCC BY-NC 4.0

Updated 27 days ago(8 Mar 2026)

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Ketoconazole 200mg tablets

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