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Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a unique material due to its physical and chemical properties, such as wide bandgap at room temperature (RT) (3.37 eV) and high binding energy (60 meV). This chapter contains the most important synthesis methods of doped ZnO nanostructure preparation. The most common methods for preparing nanoparticles (NPs) and thin films (TFs) are sol-gel, precipitation, and hydrothermal. The effects of doping appear in various forms and properties. Therefore, doped ZnO nanostructure characteristics are described to explain the structural properties, including the particle size measurement methods and the other features based on XRD data and others, and optical properties contain the approaches of bandgap energy calculations depending on UV-visible results, as well as electrical and magnetic properties. The doped ZnO nanostructures’ properties change after doping with metals and non-metals. The last part of the chapter illustrates the most prevalent and crucial applications, starting with medicine, followed by photocatalysis, photovoltaic, UV absorbers and photodetectors, and sensors, and finishing with a light-emitting diode (LED). This review provides valuable information when dealing with works related to pure and doped ZnO nanostructures.

Abstract licence: CC BY 3.0

Abstract Graphene oxide is a complex substance that possesses significant implications in both theoretical and practical domains. In order to examine the potential of graphene oxide (GO) in reducing the high band gap of conducting materials, the electronic properties, including topography and band gap, the materials were assessed utilising density functional theory (DFT). calculations. The “B3LYP” technique was employed, along with the “6-31G” (d, p) and “LanL2DZ” basis sets. The quantum chemical parameters that have been calculated and found to be connected with reduced efficiency include total energy (E), highest occupied molecular orbital energy (EHOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (ELUMO), energy gap (EH−L), hardness (η), softness (S), and global electrophilicity index (ω). Applying the abbreviated Fukui function and abbreviated softness indicators facilitated the evaluation of potential regions for local reactivity. The results show that the total energy E is the highest at GO/ZnO composite which mean that it the most stable compound. While the EH−L for the composite was about 1.62 and this can prove the evidence that the composite is more relabel for the photo degradation than the ZnO in visible light.

Abstract licence: CC BY 4.0

Abstract Molybdenum sulfide (MoS 2 ) has attracted significant attention as a non-platinum group electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Due to the increased activity of the edge sites relative to the basal plane, significant efforts have been made to increase the density of those catalytically active edge sites. This work aims to take advantage of this phenomenon while also coupling it with band engineering through the synthesis of heterostructures, namely that between ZnO, ZnS, and MoS 2 . Here, we report on a variety of ZnO-based nanowires that have been functionalized with MoS 2 species and discuss their catalytic efficacy in both acidic and alkaline conditions. In acidic conditions, both ZnO-MoS 2 and ZnO-ZnS-MoS 2 demonstrated an increase in catalytic activity over their constituents, requiring 181 mV and 154 mV, respectively, to reach 10 mA/cm 2 . In alkaline conditions, the ZnO-ZnS-MoS 2 structure also demonstrated an increase, requiring only 209 mV to reach 10 mA/cm 2 . This has been attributed primarily to the synergistic properties of the band alignment structure and the increased surface area afforded by the nanowire structure. Overall, the synthesized nanowire heterostructures were found to be high performing and give insight into how the changing band alignment and morphology can play a significant role in increasing the catalytic performance towards HER.

Abstract licence: CC BY 4.0

Rice is the staple food of more than half of the world’s population. Zinc (Zn) is a key micronutrient for plants, especially rice. Zinc deficiency can be a serious threat to global food security due to a significant reduction in rice yield. Currently, the application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) through improving grain yield (GY) and increasing rice grain enrichment can be considered as an effective strategy to achieve the dual goal of ensuring food security and improving human health. This chapter describes the applications of ZnO-NPs in rice plants in terms of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, nutrient uptake and crop yield. The addition of ZnO-NPs improves growth, increases agronomical parameters, enhances GY, and reduces the allocation of heavy metals into edible parts like grains, thereby improving the yield and quality of rice grains. In general, the present chapter emphasizes the beneficial role of ZnO-NPs in improving the yield and quality of rice grains.

Abstract licence: CC BY 3.0