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Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a unique material due to its physical and chemical properties, such as wide bandgap at room temperature (RT) (3.37 eV) and high binding energy (60 meV). This chapter contains the most important synthesis methods of doped ZnO nanostructure preparation. The most common methods for preparing nanoparticles (NPs) and thin films (TFs) are sol-gel, precipitation, and hydrothermal. The effects of doping appear in various forms and properties. Therefore, doped ZnO nanostructure characteristics are described to explain the structural properties, including the particle size measurement methods and the other features based on XRD data and others, and optical properties contain the approaches of bandgap energy calculations depending on UV-visible results, as well as electrical and magnetic properties. The doped ZnO nanostructures’ properties change after doping with metals and non-metals. The last part of the chapter illustrates the most prevalent and crucial applications, starting with medicine, followed by photocatalysis, photovoltaic, UV absorbers and photodetectors, and sensors, and finishing with a light-emitting diode (LED). This review provides valuable information when dealing with works related to pure and doped ZnO nanostructures.

Abstract licence: CC BY 3.0

Mechanical energy is a plentiful, environmentally friendly, and sustainable energy source in the natural world. In this work, we successfully use friction to transform mechanical energy into ZnO and ZnO/Nd2O3 (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mol%) tribocatalysts. Under magnetic stirring, the catalyst particles and the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-sealed magnetic bar rubbed against one another, transferring electrons across the contact interface. While the PTFE absorbed the electrons, holes were simultaneously left on the catalyst. Because of their potent oxidative power, the holes in the valence band of sol–gel catalysts can efficiently oxidize organic pollutants, much like photocatalysis. In the absence of light, the tribocatalytic tests showed that ZnO and ZnO/Nd2O3 flowers could remove antibiotics (Doxycycline) when magnetized. We could further improve the tribocatalytic performance by adjusting the quantity of rare earth elements (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mol%), stirring speed, and magnetic rod type. Besides creating a green tribocatalysis method for organic pollutants’ oxidative purification, this work provides a possible pathway for transforming environmental mechanical energy into chemical energy, which may be applied to environmental remediation and sustainable energy.

Abstract licence: CC BY 4.0

Abstract Graphene oxide is a complex substance that possesses significant implications in both theoretical and practical domains. In order to examine the potential of graphene oxide (GO) in reducing the high band gap of conducting materials, the electronic properties, including topography and band gap, the materials were assessed utilising density functional theory (DFT). calculations. The “B3LYP” technique was employed, along with the “6-31G” (d, p) and “LanL2DZ” basis sets. The quantum chemical parameters that have been calculated and found to be connected with reduced efficiency include total energy (E), highest occupied molecular orbital energy (EHOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (ELUMO), energy gap (EH−L), hardness (η), softness (S), and global electrophilicity index (ω). Applying the abbreviated Fukui function and abbreviated softness indicators facilitated the evaluation of potential regions for local reactivity. The results show that the total energy E is the highest at GO/ZnO composite which mean that it the most stable compound. While the EH−L for the composite was about 1.62 and this can prove the evidence that the composite is more relabel for the photo degradation than the ZnO in visible light.

Abstract licence: CC BY 4.0