Hydroxycarbamide 100mg tablets
Prescription only
Requires a prescription from a doctor or prescriber
Tablet
100mg
Oral
Anaemias and some other blood disorders
Active ingredients:
Hydroxycarbamide
1 safety notice
Safety information for pregnancy and breastfeeding
Pregnancy
Oral, mouse: LD50 = 7330 mg/kg; Oral, rat: LD50 = 5760 mg/kg
Hydroxyurea can cause fetal harm based on findings from animal studies and the drug’s mechanism of action.
Hydroxyurea can cause fetal harm based on findings from animal studies and the drug’s mechanism of action.
There are no studies on the use of Hydroxyurea in pregnant women and limited available data on SIKLOS use during pregnancy are insufficient to inform drug-associated risks.
In animal reproduction studies, administration of hydroxyurea to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis produced embryotoxic and teratogenic effects at doses 0.8 times and 0.3 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human daily dose on a mg/m² basis.
In rats and rabbits, fetal malformations were observed with partially ossified cranial bones, absence of eye sockets, hydrocephaly, bipartite sternebrae, and missing lumbar vertebrae.
Embryotoxicity was characterized by decreased fetal viability, reduced live
litter sizes, and developmental delays.
litter sizes, and developmental delays.
Always consult your doctor or midwife before taking any medicine during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. Source: DrugBank (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Official documents, adverse reaction reporting, and safety monitoring
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Official medicine documents
Source: MHRA Products DatabaseOGL 3.0
Updated 3 months ago(16 Jan 2026)Safety monitoring data
Yellow Card reports
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Data from the MHRA Yellow Card scheme. A reported reaction does not necessarily mean the medicine caused it. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
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Suspected adverse reactions reported for Hydroxycarbamide
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EudraVigilance data is published by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). A suspected adverse reaction is not necessarily caused by the medicine.
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Siklos 100mg tablets
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£100.00indicative price
This is the NHS Drug Tariff indicative price used for reimbursement purposes. It may not reflect the price paid by patients or pharmacies.
View full Drug TariffSource: NHS Drug Tariff via NHSBSA. Derived from dm+d VMPP (Virtual Medicinal Product Pack) pricing data. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
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Clinical guidelines and formulary information
British National Formulary
Hydroxycarbamide
BNF
Drug monograph — bnf.nice.org.ukSource: British National Formulary, NICE. Joint Formulary Committee. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
NICE clinical guidance(9)
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Updated Feb 2025Source: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
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Supply & product information
Official product databases and supply status monitoring
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Codes for healthcare professionals and prescribing systems
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These codes are used by healthcare IT systems and prescribers to identify this medicine.
NHS UK identifiers
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SNOMED CT and dm+d codes from NHS TRUD (Technology Reference data Update Distribution), licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. BNF codes from NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA). ATC codes from the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (whocc.no).
Active and completed clinical studies from ClinicalTrials.gov
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Searching UK clinical trials...
Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Data accessed via ClinicalTrials.gov API v2. Trial information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.
Pharmacology and chemical data from DrugBank
Key facts
Drug status
Approved
Major interactions
None known
Half-life
2-3 hours
Mechanism
The precise mechanism by which hydroxyurea produces its antineoplastic effects cannot, at present, be described.
Food interactions
1 warning
Human targets
2 targets
Data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Pharmacokinetics at a glance
Absorption
2 hours
After oral administration hydroxyurea is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.…
Half-life
2-3 hours
In adult cancer patients, hydroxyurea was eliminated with a half-life of approximately 2-3 hours.…
Protein binding
The extent of protein binding of hydroxyurea is unknown.
[L47137]
[L47137]
Volume of distribution
0.48 – 0.90 L/kg
Hydroxyurea distributes rapidly throughout the human body, enters the cerebrospinal fluid, appears in peritoneal fluid and ascites, and concentrates in leukocytes and erythrocytes.…
Metabolism
60%
Up to 60% of an oral dose undergoes conversion through saturable hepatic metabolism and a minor pathway of degradation to acetohydroxamic acid by urease found in intestinal bacteria.
[L47112][L47142]…
[L47112][L47142]…
Elimination
37%
A significant fraction of hydroxycarbamide is eliminated by nonrenal (mainly hepatic) mechanisms.…
Clearance
0.17 L/h
The total body clearance of hydroxyurea in adult patients with Sickle Cell Disease is 0.17…
Pharmacokinetic data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Status:
Approved
Investigational
Small molecule
About this compound
Hydroxyurea is a non-alkylating antineoplastic agent that was first synthesized in 1869 but was not characterized biologically until 1928.[A262596] It was first approved by the FDA in 1998 for the treatment of sickle cell anemia in adults.[A262601] Although clinical evidence on the efficacy of hydroxyurea in certain conditions exists, hydroxyurea is used sparingly in clinical settings, largely due to lack of knowledge and adherence, the need for therapeutic monitoring, and serious side effects of secondary cancer and birth defects.[A262606]
Properties:
solid
Avg. mass: 76.05 Da
DrugBank indication
Hydroxyurea is indicated to reduce the frequency of painful crises and to reduce the need for blood transfusions in adult and pediatric patients, 9 months of age and older, with sickle cell anemia with recurrent moderate to severe painful crises.
[L41150][L47137]
[L41150][L47137]
Also known as(78)
Carbamohydroxamic acid
Carbamohydroximic acid
Carbamoyl oxime
Carbamyl hydroxamate
Hidroxicarbamida
Hydrea
Hydroxy Urea
Hydroxycarbamid
Dosage forms(15)
Capsule (Oral) — 200 mg/1
Capsule (Oral) — 300 mg/1
Capsule (Oral) — 400 mg/1
Capsule (Oral)
Capsule (Oral) — 500 mg
Capsule (Oral) — 500.00 mg
Tablet, film coated (Oral) — 100 mg
Tablet, film coated (Oral) — 1000 mg
Molecular properties(19)
Drug interactions(572)
Known interactions with other medications. Always consult a healthcare professional.
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Denosumab is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Etanercept
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Etanercept is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Peginterferon alfa-2a
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Peginterferon alfa-2a is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Interferon alfa-n1
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Interferon alfa-n1 is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Interferon alfa-n3
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Interferon alfa-n3 is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Peginterferon alfa-2b
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Peginterferon alfa-2b is combined with Hydroxyurea.
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Anakinra is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Interferon gamma-1b
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Interferon gamma-1b is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Interferon alfa-2a
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Interferon alfa-2a is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Aldesleukin
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Aldesleukin is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Adalimumab
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Adalimumab is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Gemtuzumab ozogamicin is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Pegaspargase
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Pegaspargase is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Infliximab
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Infliximab is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Interferon beta-1b
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Interferon beta-1b is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Interferon alfacon-1
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Interferon alfacon-1 is combined with Hydroxyurea.
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Rituximab is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Basiliximab
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Basiliximab is combined with Hydroxyurea.
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Muromonab is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Ibritumomab tiuxetan
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Ibritumomab tiuxetan is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Tositumomab
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Tositumomab is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Alemtuzumab
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Alemtuzumab is combined with Hydroxyurea.
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Alefacept is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Efalizumab
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Efalizumab is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Antithymocyte immunoglobulin (rabbit)
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Antithymocyte immunoglobulin (rabbit) is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Interferon alfa-2b
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Interferon alfa-2b is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Daclizumab
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Daclizumab is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Phenylalanine
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Phenylalanine is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Flunisolide
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Flunisolide is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Bortezomib
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bortezomib is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Cladribine
Moderate
Hydroxyurea may increase the immunosuppressive activities of Cladribine.
Carmustine
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Carmustine is combined with Hydroxyurea.
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Amsacrine is combined with Hydroxyurea.
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bleomycin is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Chlorambucil
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Chlorambucil is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Raltitrexed
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Raltitrexed is combined with Hydroxyurea.
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Mitomycin is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Bexarotene
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bexarotene is combined with Hydroxyurea.
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Vindesine is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Floxuridine
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Floxuridine is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Indomethacin
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Indomethacin is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Tioguanine
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Tioguanine is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Vinorelbine
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Vinorelbine is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Dexrazoxane
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Dexrazoxane is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Beclomethasone dipropionate
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Beclomethasone dipropionate is combined with Hydroxyurea.
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sorafenib is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Streptozocin
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Streptozocin is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Trifluridine
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Trifluridine is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Gemcitabine
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Gemcitabine is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Betamethasone
Unknown severity
The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Betamethasone is combined with Hydroxyurea.
Showing 50 of 572 interactions
Food & lifestyle interactions
Advice
Drink plenty of fluids. Drinking extra fluids will help pass more urine to prevent kidney problems and keep the kidneys working well.
Toxicity & overdose
Oral, mouse: LD50 = 7330 mg/kg; Oral, rat: LD50 = 5760 mg/kg
Hydroxyurea can cause fetal harm based on findings from animal studies and the drug’s mechanism of action. There are no studies on the use of Hydroxyurea in pregnant women and limited available data on SIKLOS use during pregnancy are insufficient to inform drug-associated risks. Drugs that affect DNA synthesis, such as hydroxyurea, may be potential mutagenic agents.
In animal reproduction studies, administration of hydroxyurea to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis produced embryotoxic and teratogenic effects at doses 0.8 times and 0.3 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human daily dose on a mg/m² basis. In rats and rabbits, fetal malformations were observed with partially ossified cranial bones, absence of eye sockets, hydrocephaly, bipartite sternebrae, and missing lumbar vertebrae. Embryotoxicity was characterized by decreased fetal viability, reduced live
litter sizes, and developmental delays.
Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus.
[L49181]
Acute mucocutaneous toxicity has been reported in patients receiving hydroxyurea at doses several times above the therapeutic dose. Soreness, violet erythema, edema on palms and soles followed by scaling of hand and feet, severe generalized hyperpigmentation of the skin, and stomatitis have been observed. In patients with sickle cell anemia, neutropenia was reported in isolated cases of hydroxyurea overdose (1.43 times and 8.57 times the maximum recommended dose of 35 mg/kg b.w./day).
Monitor blood counts weekly until recovery. Treatment of overdose consists of gastric lavage, followed by symptomatic treatment and control of bone marrow function.
[L49181]
Conventional long-term studies to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of hydroxyurea have not been performed. However, hydroxyurea is presumed to be a transspecies carcinogen.
Intraperitoneal administration of 125 to 250 mg/kg hydroxyurea (about 0.6-1.2 times the maximum recommended human oral daily dose on a mg/m2 basis) thrice weekly for 6 months in female rats increased the incidence of mammary tumors in rats surviving to 18 months compared to control. Hydroxyurea is mutagenic in vitro to bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and mammalian cells. Hydroxyurea is clastogenic in vitro (hamster cells, human lymphoblasts) and in vivo (SCE assay in rodents, mouse micronucleus assay).
Hydroxyurea causes the transformation of rodent embryo cells to a tumorigenic phenotype.
[L49181]
Hydroxyurea administered to male rats at 60 mg/kg /day (about 0.3 times the maximum recommended human daily dose on a mg/m2 basis) produced testicular atrophy, decreased spermatogenesis, and significantly reduced their ability to impregnate females.
[L49181]
Hydroxyurea can cause fetal harm based on findings from animal studies and the drug’s mechanism of action. There are no studies on the use of Hydroxyurea in pregnant women and limited available data on SIKLOS use during pregnancy are insufficient to inform drug-associated risks. Drugs that affect DNA synthesis, such as hydroxyurea, may be potential mutagenic agents.
In animal reproduction studies, administration of hydroxyurea to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis produced embryotoxic and teratogenic effects at doses 0.8 times and 0.3 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human daily dose on a mg/m² basis. In rats and rabbits, fetal malformations were observed with partially ossified cranial bones, absence of eye sockets, hydrocephaly, bipartite sternebrae, and missing lumbar vertebrae. Embryotoxicity was characterized by decreased fetal viability, reduced live
litter sizes, and developmental delays.
Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus.
[L49181]
Acute mucocutaneous toxicity has been reported in patients receiving hydroxyurea at doses several times above the therapeutic dose. Soreness, violet erythema, edema on palms and soles followed by scaling of hand and feet, severe generalized hyperpigmentation of the skin, and stomatitis have been observed. In patients with sickle cell anemia, neutropenia was reported in isolated cases of hydroxyurea overdose (1.43 times and 8.57 times the maximum recommended dose of 35 mg/kg b.w./day).
Monitor blood counts weekly until recovery. Treatment of overdose consists of gastric lavage, followed by symptomatic treatment and control of bone marrow function.
[L49181]
Conventional long-term studies to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of hydroxyurea have not been performed. However, hydroxyurea is presumed to be a transspecies carcinogen.
Intraperitoneal administration of 125 to 250 mg/kg hydroxyurea (about 0.6-1.2 times the maximum recommended human oral daily dose on a mg/m2 basis) thrice weekly for 6 months in female rats increased the incidence of mammary tumors in rats surviving to 18 months compared to control. Hydroxyurea is mutagenic in vitro to bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and mammalian cells. Hydroxyurea is clastogenic in vitro (hamster cells, human lymphoblasts) and in vivo (SCE assay in rodents, mouse micronucleus assay).
Hydroxyurea causes the transformation of rodent embryo cells to a tumorigenic phenotype.
[L49181]
Hydroxyurea administered to male rats at 60 mg/kg /day (about 0.3 times the maximum recommended human daily dose on a mg/m2 basis) produced testicular atrophy, decreased spermatogenesis, and significantly reduced their ability to impregnate females.
[L49181]
How it works
Mechanism of action
The precise mechanism by which hydroxyurea produces its antineoplastic effects cannot, at present, be described. However, the reports of various studies in rat and human tissue cultures lend support to the hypothesis that hydroxyurea causes an immediate inhibition of DNA synthesis, by acting as a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, without interfering with the synthesis of ribonucleic acid or of protein. Hydroxyurea probably acts by decreasing the rate of conversion of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides. This effect is particularly apparent in cells with a high rate of proliferation.[L47142] Particularly, hydroxyurea reduces the tyrosyl free radical at the active site of the M2 via a one-electron transfer reaction through the –NH2-OH moiety.[A262596]
Three mechanisms have been postulated for the potentiation of the therapeutic effects of irradiation by hydroxyurea on squamous cell (epidermoid) carcinomas of the head and neck. In vitro studies utilizing Chinese hamster cells suggest that hydroxyurea is lethal to normally radioresistant S-stage cells and holds other cells of the cell cycle in the G1 or pre-DNA synthesis stage where they are most susceptible to the effects of irradiation. The third mechanism of action has been theorized on the basis of in vitro studies of HeLa cells: it appears that hydroxyurea, by inhibition of DNA synthesis, hinders the normal repair process of cells damaged but not killed by irradiation, thereby decreasing their survival rate; there is no alteration of RNA and protein syntheses.[L47142]
Another proposed mechanism of action of hydroxyurea is the elevation of HbF concentrations in Sickle Cell Disease patients. HbF interferes with the polymerization of HbS (sickle haemoglobin) and thus impedes the sickling of red blood cell. Recently, hydroxyurea has shown to be associated with the generation of nitric oxide, suggesting that nitric oxide stimulates cyclic guanosine monophosphates (cGMP) production, which then activates a protein kinase and increases the production of HbF. Other known pharmacological effects of hydroxycarbamide which may contribute to its beneficial effects in Sickle Cell Disease include decrease of neutrophils, improved deformability of sickled cells, and altered adhesion of red blood cells to the endothelium.[L47137]
Three mechanisms have been postulated for the potentiation of the therapeutic effects of irradiation by hydroxyurea on squamous cell (epidermoid) carcinomas of the head and neck. In vitro studies utilizing Chinese hamster cells suggest that hydroxyurea is lethal to normally radioresistant S-stage cells and holds other cells of the cell cycle in the G1 or pre-DNA synthesis stage where they are most susceptible to the effects of irradiation. The third mechanism of action has been theorized on the basis of in vitro studies of HeLa cells: it appears that hydroxyurea, by inhibition of DNA synthesis, hinders the normal repair process of cells damaged but not killed by irradiation, thereby decreasing their survival rate; there is no alteration of RNA and protein syntheses.[L47142]
Another proposed mechanism of action of hydroxyurea is the elevation of HbF concentrations in Sickle Cell Disease patients. HbF interferes with the polymerization of HbS (sickle haemoglobin) and thus impedes the sickling of red blood cell. Recently, hydroxyurea has shown to be associated with the generation of nitric oxide, suggesting that nitric oxide stimulates cyclic guanosine monophosphates (cGMP) production, which then activates a protein kinase and increases the production of HbF. Other known pharmacological effects of hydroxycarbamide which may contribute to its beneficial effects in Sickle Cell Disease include decrease of neutrophils, improved deformability of sickled cells, and altered adhesion of red blood cells to the endothelium.[L47137]
Pharmacodynamics
The correlation between hydroxyurea concentrations, reduction of crisis rate, and increase in HbF, is not known.[L49181]
Pharmacokinetics
How the body processes this drug — absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
Absorption
After oral administration hydroxyurea is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Peak plasma concentrations are reached within 2 hours and by 24 hours the serum concentrations are virtually zero. Bioavailability is complete or nearly complete in cancer patients.
[L47137]
After oral administration of 20 mg/kg of hydroxyurea, a rapid absorption is observed with peak plasma levels of about 30 mg/L occurring after 0.75 and 1.2 h in children and adult patients with sickle cell syndrome, respectively.
The total exposure up to 24 h post-dose is 124 mg.h/L in children and adolescents and 135 mg.h/L in adult patients. The oral bioavailability of hydroxyurea is almost complete as assessed in indications other than sickle cell syndrome.
[L47143]
In a comparative bioavailability study in healthy adult volunteers (n=28), 500 mg of hydroxyurea oral solution was demonstrated to be bioequivalent to the reference 500 mg capsule, with respect to both the peak concentration and area under the curve. There was a statistically significant reduction in time to peak concentration with hydroxyurea oral solution compared to the reference 500 mg capsule (0.5 versus 0.75 hours, p = 0.0467), indicating a faster rate of absorption.[L47137
In a study of children with Sickle Cell Disease, liquid and capsule formulations resulted in similar area under the curve, peak concentrations, and half-life.
The largest difference in the pharmacokinetic profile was a trend towards a shorter time to peak concentration following ingestion of the liquid compared with the capsule, but that difference did not reach statistical significance (0.74 versus 0.97 hours, p = 0.14).
[L47137]
[L47137]
After oral administration of 20 mg/kg of hydroxyurea, a rapid absorption is observed with peak plasma levels of about 30 mg/L occurring after 0.75 and 1.2 h in children and adult patients with sickle cell syndrome, respectively.
The total exposure up to 24 h post-dose is 124 mg.h/L in children and adolescents and 135 mg.h/L in adult patients. The oral bioavailability of hydroxyurea is almost complete as assessed in indications other than sickle cell syndrome.
[L47143]
In a comparative bioavailability study in healthy adult volunteers (n=28), 500 mg of hydroxyurea oral solution was demonstrated to be bioequivalent to the reference 500 mg capsule, with respect to both the peak concentration and area under the curve. There was a statistically significant reduction in time to peak concentration with hydroxyurea oral solution compared to the reference 500 mg capsule (0.5 versus 0.75 hours, p = 0.0467), indicating a faster rate of absorption.[L47137
In a study of children with Sickle Cell Disease, liquid and capsule formulations resulted in similar area under the curve, peak concentrations, and half-life.
The largest difference in the pharmacokinetic profile was a trend towards a shorter time to peak concentration following ingestion of the liquid compared with the capsule, but that difference did not reach statistical significance (0.74 versus 0.97 hours, p = 0.14).
[L47137]
Half-life
In adult cancer patients, hydroxyurea was eliminated with a half-life of approximately 2-3 hours. In a single-dose study in children with Sickle Cell Disease, the mean half-life was reported to be 1.7 hours.
[L47137]
[L47137]
Protein binding
The extent of protein binding of hydroxyurea is unknown.
[L47137]
[L47137]
Volume of distribution
Hydroxyurea distributes rapidly throughout the human body, enters the cerebrospinal fluid, appears in peritoneal fluid and ascites, and concentrates in leukocytes and erythrocytes. The estimated volume of distribution of hydroxycarbamide approximates total body water. The volume of distribution following oral dosing of hydroxycarbamide is approximately equal to total body water: adult values of 0.48 – 0.90 L/kg have been reported, whilst in children a population estimate of 0.7 L/kg has been reported.
[L47137]
[L47137]
Metabolism
Up to 60% of an oral dose undergoes conversion through saturable hepatic metabolism and a minor pathway of degradation to acetohydroxamic acid by urease found in intestinal bacteria.
[L47112][L47142]
[L47112][L47142]
Route of elimination
A significant fraction of hydroxycarbamide is eliminated by nonrenal (mainly hepatic) mechanisms. In adults, the urinary recovery of unchanged drug is reported to be approximately 37% of the oral dose when renal function is normal. In children, the fraction of hydroxyurea excreted unchanged into the urine comprised about 50%.
[L47137]
[L47137]
Clearance
The total body clearance of hydroxyurea in adult patients with Sickle Cell Disease is 0.17 L/h/kg. The respective value in children was similar, 0.22 L/h/kg.
[L47137]
[L47137]
Drug targets(2)
Proteins and enzymes this drug interacts with in the body
Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit
RRM1
inhibitor
Specific functionATP binding
Cellular location
Cytoplasm
General function & pharmacology
Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides
Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2
RRM2
modulator
Specific functionferric iron binding
Cellular location
Cytoplasm
General function & pharmacology
Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides. Inhibits Wnt signaling
Transporters(7)
Proteins that transport this drug across cell membranes
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2
SLCO1A2
substrate
Specific functionbile acid transmembrane transporter activity
Cellular location
Cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Na(+)-independent transporter that mediates the cellular uptake of a broad range of organic anions such as the endogenous bile salts cholate and deoxycholate, either in their unconjugated or conjugated forms (taurocholate and glycocholate), at the plasmam membrane .
PMID:19129463 PMID:7557095
Responsible for intestinal absorption of bile acids (By similarity). Transports dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate (DHEAS), a major circulating steroid secreted by the adrenal cortex, as well as estrone 3-sulfate and 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate) .
PMID:11159893 PMID:12568656 PMID:19129463 PMID:23918469 PMID:25560245 PMID:9539145
Mediates apical uptake of all-trans-retinol (atROL) across human retinal pigment epithelium, which is essential to maintaining the integrity of the visual cycle and thus vision .
PMID:25560245
Involved in the uptake of clinically used drugs .
PMID:17301733 PMID:20686826 PMID:27777271
Capable of thyroid hormone transport (both T3 or 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine, and T4 or L-tyroxine) .
PMID:19129463 PMID:20358049
Also transports prostaglandin E2 .
PMID:19129463
Plays roles in blood-brain and -cerebrospinal fluid barrier transport of organic anions and signal mediators, and in hormone uptake by neural cells (By similarity). May also play a role in the reuptake of neuropeptides such as substance P/TAC1 and vasoactive intestinal peptide/VIP released from retinal neurons .
PMID:25132355
May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drugs methotrexate and paclitaxel .
PMID:23243220
Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment .
PMID:19129463
Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions .
PMID:19129463
May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
PMID:19129463 PMID:7557095
Responsible for intestinal absorption of bile acids (By similarity). Transports dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate (DHEAS), a major circulating steroid secreted by the adrenal cortex, as well as estrone 3-sulfate and 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate) .
PMID:11159893 PMID:12568656 PMID:19129463 PMID:23918469 PMID:25560245 PMID:9539145
Mediates apical uptake of all-trans-retinol (atROL) across human retinal pigment epithelium, which is essential to maintaining the integrity of the visual cycle and thus vision .
PMID:25560245
Involved in the uptake of clinically used drugs .
PMID:17301733 PMID:20686826 PMID:27777271
Capable of thyroid hormone transport (both T3 or 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine, and T4 or L-tyroxine) .
PMID:19129463 PMID:20358049
Also transports prostaglandin E2 .
PMID:19129463
Plays roles in blood-brain and -cerebrospinal fluid barrier transport of organic anions and signal mediators, and in hormone uptake by neural cells (By similarity). May also play a role in the reuptake of neuropeptides such as substance P/TAC1 and vasoactive intestinal peptide/VIP released from retinal neurons .
PMID:25132355
May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drugs methotrexate and paclitaxel .
PMID:23243220
Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment .
PMID:19129463
Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions .
PMID:19129463
May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1
SLCO1B1
substrate
Specific functionbile acid transmembrane transporter activity
Cellular location
Basolateral cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions .
PMID:10358072 PMID:15159445 PMID:17412826
Shows broad substrate specificity, can transport both organic anions such as bile acid taurocholate (cholyltaurine) and conjugated steroids (dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, and estrone 3-sulfate), as well as eicosanoids (prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene C4, and leukotriene E4), and thyroid hormones (T4/L-thyroxine, and T3/3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine) .
PMID:10358072 PMID:10601278 PMID:10873595 PMID:11159893 PMID:12196548 PMID:12568656 PMID:15159445 PMID:15970799 PMID:16627748 PMID:17412826 PMID:19129463 PMID:26979622
Can take up bilirubin glucuronides from plasma into the liver, contributing to the detoxification-enhancing liver-blood shuttling loop .
PMID:22232210
Involved in the clearance of endogenous and exogenous substrates from the liver .
PMID:10358072 PMID:10601278
Transports coproporphyrin I and III, by-products of heme synthesis, and may be involved in their hepatic disposition .
PMID:26383540
May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Can transport HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also known as statins), such as pravastatin and pitavastatin, a clinically important class of hypolipidemic drugs .
PMID:10601278 PMID:15159445 PMID:15970799
May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate .
PMID:23243220
May also transport antihypertension agents, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor prodrug enalapril, and the highly selective angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist valsartan, in the liver .
PMID:16624871 PMID:16627748
Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity towards prostaglandin E2 and T4 which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment .
PMID:19129463
Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions PMID:19129463
PMID:10358072 PMID:15159445 PMID:17412826
Shows broad substrate specificity, can transport both organic anions such as bile acid taurocholate (cholyltaurine) and conjugated steroids (dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, and estrone 3-sulfate), as well as eicosanoids (prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene C4, and leukotriene E4), and thyroid hormones (T4/L-thyroxine, and T3/3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine) .
PMID:10358072 PMID:10601278 PMID:10873595 PMID:11159893 PMID:12196548 PMID:12568656 PMID:15159445 PMID:15970799 PMID:16627748 PMID:17412826 PMID:19129463 PMID:26979622
Can take up bilirubin glucuronides from plasma into the liver, contributing to the detoxification-enhancing liver-blood shuttling loop .
PMID:22232210
Involved in the clearance of endogenous and exogenous substrates from the liver .
PMID:10358072 PMID:10601278
Transports coproporphyrin I and III, by-products of heme synthesis, and may be involved in their hepatic disposition .
PMID:26383540
May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Can transport HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also known as statins), such as pravastatin and pitavastatin, a clinically important class of hypolipidemic drugs .
PMID:10601278 PMID:15159445 PMID:15970799
May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate .
PMID:23243220
May also transport antihypertension agents, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor prodrug enalapril, and the highly selective angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist valsartan, in the liver .
PMID:16624871 PMID:16627748
Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity towards prostaglandin E2 and T4 which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment .
PMID:19129463
Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions PMID:19129463
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3
SLCO1B3
Specific functionbile acid transmembrane transporter activity
Cellular location
Basolateral cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions .
PMID:10779507 PMID:15159445 PMID:17412826
Shows broad substrate specificity, can transport both organic anions such as bile acid taurocholate (cholyltaurine) and conjugated steroids (17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and estrone 3-sulfate), as well as eicosanoid leukotriene C4, prostaglandin E2 and L-thyroxine (T4) .
PMID:10779507 PMID:11159893 PMID:12568656 PMID:15159445 PMID:17412826 PMID:19129463
Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions .
PMID:19129463
Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity towards sulfated steroids, taurocholate and T4 which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment .
PMID:19129463
Involved in the clearance of bile acids and organic anions from the liver .
PMID:22232210
Can take up bilirubin glucuronides from plasma into the liver, contributing to the detoxification-enhancing liver-blood shuttling loop .
PMID:22232210
Transports coproporphyrin I and III, by-products of heme synthesis, and may be involved in their hepatic disposition .
PMID:26383540
May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Can transport HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also known as statins) such as pitavastatin, a clinically important class of hypolipidemic drugs .
PMID:15159445
May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drugs methotrexate and paclitaxel .
PMID:23243220
May also transport antihypertension agents, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor prodrug enalapril, and the highly selective angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist valsartan, in the liver PMID:16624871 PMID:16627748
PMID:10779507 PMID:15159445 PMID:17412826
Shows broad substrate specificity, can transport both organic anions such as bile acid taurocholate (cholyltaurine) and conjugated steroids (17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and estrone 3-sulfate), as well as eicosanoid leukotriene C4, prostaglandin E2 and L-thyroxine (T4) .
PMID:10779507 PMID:11159893 PMID:12568656 PMID:15159445 PMID:17412826 PMID:19129463
Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions .
PMID:19129463
Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity towards sulfated steroids, taurocholate and T4 which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment .
PMID:19129463
Involved in the clearance of bile acids and organic anions from the liver .
PMID:22232210
Can take up bilirubin glucuronides from plasma into the liver, contributing to the detoxification-enhancing liver-blood shuttling loop .
PMID:22232210
Transports coproporphyrin I and III, by-products of heme synthesis, and may be involved in their hepatic disposition .
PMID:26383540
May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable). Can transport HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also known as statins) such as pitavastatin, a clinically important class of hypolipidemic drugs .
PMID:15159445
May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drugs methotrexate and paclitaxel .
PMID:23243220
May also transport antihypertension agents, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor prodrug enalapril, and the highly selective angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist valsartan, in the liver PMID:16624871 PMID:16627748
Urea transporter 2
SLC14A2
substrate
Specific functioncell adhesion molecule binding
Cellular location
Apical cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Mediates the transport of urea driven by a concentration gradient across the cell membrane of the renal inner medullary collecting duct which is critical to the urinary concentrating mechanism
Urea transporter 1
SLC14A1
substrate
Specific functionurea channel activity
Cellular location
Cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Mediates the transport of urea driven by a concentration gradient across the cell membrane of erythrocytes .
PMID:10514515 PMID:7797558 PMID:7989337 PMID:8997401
Also mediates the transport of urea across the cell membrane of the renal inner medullary collecting duct which is critical to the urinary concentrating mechanism (By similarity). Facilitates water transport in erythrocytes (By similarity)
PMID:10514515 PMID:7797558 PMID:7989337 PMID:8997401
Also mediates the transport of urea across the cell membrane of the renal inner medullary collecting duct which is critical to the urinary concentrating mechanism (By similarity). Facilitates water transport in erythrocytes (By similarity)
Solute carrier family 22 member 4
SLC22A4
substrate
Specific functionacetylcholine transmembrane transporter activity
Cellular location
Apical cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Transporter that mediates the transport of endogenous and microbial zwitterions and organic cations .
PMID:10215651 PMID:15107849 PMID:15795384 PMID:16729965 PMID:20601551 PMID:22206629 PMID:22569296 PMID:29530864
Functions as a Na(+)-dependent and pH-dependent high affinity microbial symporter of potent food-derived antioxidant ergothioeine .
PMID:15795384 PMID:29530864 PMID:33124720
Transports one sodium ion with one ergothioeine molecule (By similarity). Involved in the absorption of ergothioneine from the luminal/apical side of the small intestine and renal tubular cells, and into non-parenchymal liver cells, thereby contributing to maintain steady-state ergothioneine level in the body .
PMID:20601551
Also mediates the bidirectional transport of acetycholine, although the exact transport mechanism has not been fully identified yet .
PMID:22206629
Most likely exports anti-inflammatory acetylcholine in non-neuronal tissues, thereby contributing to the non-neuronal cholinergic system .
PMID:22206629 PMID:22569296
Displays a general physiological role linked to better survival by controlling inflammation and oxidative stress, which may be related to ergothioneine and acetycholine transports .
PMID:15795384 PMID:22206629
May also function as a low-affinity Na(+)-dependent transporter of L-carnitine through the mitochondrial membrane, thereby maintaining intracellular carnitine homeostasis .
PMID:10215651 PMID:15107849 PMID:16729965
May contribute to regulate the transport of cationic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier PMID:35307651
PMID:10215651 PMID:15107849 PMID:15795384 PMID:16729965 PMID:20601551 PMID:22206629 PMID:22569296 PMID:29530864
Functions as a Na(+)-dependent and pH-dependent high affinity microbial symporter of potent food-derived antioxidant ergothioeine .
PMID:15795384 PMID:29530864 PMID:33124720
Transports one sodium ion with one ergothioeine molecule (By similarity). Involved in the absorption of ergothioneine from the luminal/apical side of the small intestine and renal tubular cells, and into non-parenchymal liver cells, thereby contributing to maintain steady-state ergothioneine level in the body .
PMID:20601551
Also mediates the bidirectional transport of acetycholine, although the exact transport mechanism has not been fully identified yet .
PMID:22206629
Most likely exports anti-inflammatory acetylcholine in non-neuronal tissues, thereby contributing to the non-neuronal cholinergic system .
PMID:22206629 PMID:22569296
Displays a general physiological role linked to better survival by controlling inflammation and oxidative stress, which may be related to ergothioneine and acetycholine transports .
PMID:15795384 PMID:22206629
May also function as a low-affinity Na(+)-dependent transporter of L-carnitine through the mitochondrial membrane, thereby maintaining intracellular carnitine homeostasis .
PMID:10215651 PMID:15107849 PMID:16729965
May contribute to regulate the transport of cationic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier PMID:35307651
Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2
SLC22A5
substrate
Specific function(R)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activity
Cellular location
Cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine .
PMID:10454528 PMID:10525100 PMID:10966938 PMID:17509700 PMID:20722056 PMID:33124720
Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium.
Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3 .
PMID:10454528 PMID:10525100 PMID:10966938
In intestinal epithelia, transports the quorum-sensing pentapeptide CSF (competence and sporulation factor) from B.subtilis which induces cytoprotective heat shock proteins contributing to intestinal homeostasis .
PMID:18005709
May also contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
PMID:10454528 PMID:10525100 PMID:10966938 PMID:17509700 PMID:20722056 PMID:33124720
Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium.
Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3 .
PMID:10454528 PMID:10525100 PMID:10966938
In intestinal epithelia, transports the quorum-sensing pentapeptide CSF (competence and sporulation factor) from B.subtilis which induces cytoprotective heat shock proteins contributing to intestinal homeostasis .
PMID:18005709
May also contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
Carriers(1)
Proteins that carry this drug through the body
Albumin
ALB
binder
Specific functionantioxidant activity
Cellular location
Secreted
General function & pharmacology
Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc .
PMID:19021548
Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity).
Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity).
Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli .
PMID:6234017
Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin PMID:6234017
PMID:19021548
Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity).
Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity).
Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli .
PMID:6234017
Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin PMID:6234017
Scientific references(7)
Ferrari A., Carobbio A., Masciulli A., Ghirardi A., Finazzi G., De Stefano V., Vannucchi A.M., Barbui T.
Clinical outcomes under hydroxyurea treatment in polycythemia vera: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Haematologica
2019 Dec104(12):2391-2399. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2019.221234. Epub 2019 May 23
Cortelazzo S., Finazzi G., Ruggeri M., Vestri O., Galli M., Rodeghiero F., Barbui T.
Hydroxyurea for patients with essential thrombocythemia and a high risk of thrombosis.
New England Journal of Medicine
1995 Apr 27332(17):1132-6. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199504273321704
Kim M.S., Yu D.W., Jung Y.J., Kim S.W., Chang C.H., Kim O.L.
Long-term follow-up result of hydroxyurea chemotherapy for recurrent meningiomas.
Journal Korean Neurosurg Society
2012 Dec52(6):517-22. doi: 10.3340/jkns.2012.52.6.517. Epub 2012 Dec 31
Klion A.
Hypereosinophilic syndrome: approach to treatment in the era of precision medicine.
Hematology American Society Hematology Educ Program
2018 Nov 302018(1):326-331. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2018.1.326
Singh A., Xu Y.J.
The Cell Killing Mechanisms of Hydroxyurea.
Genes (Basel)
2016 Nov 177(11):99. doi: 10.3390/genes7110099
Strouse J.J., Lanzkron S., Beach M.C., Haywood C., Park H., Witkop C., Wilson R.F., Bass E.B., Segal J.B.
Hydroxyurea for sickle cell disease: a systematic review for efficacy and toxicity in children.
Pediatrics
2008 Dec122(6):1332-42. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-0441
Ware R.E., Aygun B.
Advances in the use of hydroxyurea. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:62-9. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2009.
1
62
ATC classification(1 code)
ATC L01XX05
Affected organisms(1)
Humans and other mammals
International brands(2)
Experimental properties(4)
Commercial products(45)
Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
Show
Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
Linked compound data from DrugBank Open Data (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Hydroxyurea
Matched from: Hydroxycarbamide
Synonym match
95% confidenceAdditional database identifiers
Drugs Product Database (DPD)
10140
ChemSpider
3530
BindingDB
50017811
PDB
NHY
ZINC
ZINC000008034120
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10451
GenAtlas
RRM1
GeneCards
RRM1
GenBank Gene Database
X59543
GenBank Protein Database
36065
Guide to Pharmacology
2630
UniProt Accession
RIR1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10452
GenAtlas
RRM2
GeneCards
RRM2
GenBank Gene Database
X59618
Guide to Pharmacology
2631
UniProt Accession
RIR2_HUMAN
GenBank Gene Database
X78411
GenBank Protein Database
498709
UniProt Accession
URE1_SPOPA
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:399
GenAtlas
ALB
GeneCards
ALB
GenBank Gene Database
V00494
GenBank Protein Database
28590
UniProt Accession
ALBU_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10956
GeneCards
SLCO1A2
GenBank Gene Database
U21943
GenBank Protein Database
885978
Guide to Pharmacology
1219
UniProt Accession
SO1A2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10959
GenAtlas
SLCO1B1
GeneCards
SLCO1B1
GenBank Gene Database
AF060500
GenBank Protein Database
5051630
Guide to Pharmacology
1220
UniProt Accession
SO1B1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10961
GeneCards
SLCO1B3
GenBank Gene Database
AJ251506
GenBank Protein Database
9187497
Guide to Pharmacology
1221
UniProt Accession
SO1B3_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10919
GeneCards
SLC14A2
UniProt Accession
UT2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10918
GeneCards
SLC14A1
Guide to Pharmacology
982
UniProt Accession
UT1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10968
GenAtlas
SLC22A4
GeneCards
SLC22A4
GenBank Gene Database
AB007448
GenBank Protein Database
2605501
UniProt Accession
S22A4_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10969
GenAtlas
SLC22A5
GeneCards
SLC22A5
GenBank Gene Database
AF057164
GenBank Protein Database
3273741
UniProt Accession
S22A5_HUMAN
International reference pricing
6 formulations
Reference pricing from DrugBank. Prices are indicative and may not reflect current UK costs.
From $0.90/capsule
To $2.75/g
Hydroxyurea 500 mg capsule
$0.90/capsule
Droxia 200 mg capsule
$0.91/capsule
Droxia 300 mg capsule
$0.94/capsule
Droxia 400 mg capsule
$0.97/capsule
Hydrea 500 mg capsule
$1.49/capsule
Source: DrugBank. Used under CC BY-NC 4.0 academic licence for non-commercial purposes.
Patent information
1 active patent
12409156
United States
Approved 23 Dec 2021 · Expires 23 Dec 2041
15y 8m
Source: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0. Patent data sourced from national patent offices. Expiry dates may not reflect extensions, regulatory exclusivity periods, or legal challenges.
DrugBank citations
If you use DrugBank data in your research, please cite the following publications:
Knox C., Wilson M., Klinger C.M., et al
DrugBank 6.
0: the DrugBank Knowledgebase for 2024
Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 552(D1):D1265-D1275
Wishart D.S., Feunang Y.D., Guo A.C., et al
DrugBank 5.
0: a major update to the DrugBank database for 2018
Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Nov 846(D1):D1074-D1082
Show earlier publications
Law V., Knox C., Djoumbou Y., et al
DrugBank 4.
0: shedding new light on drug metabolism
Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jan 142(1):D1091-7
Knox C., Law V., Jewison T., et al
DrugBank 3.
0: a comprehensive resource for 'omics' research on drugs
Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan39(Database issue):D1035-41
Wishart D.S., Knox C., Guo A.C., et al
DrugBank: a knowledgebase for drugs, drug actions and drug targets.
Nucleic Acids Research
2008 Jan36(Database issue):D901-6
Wishart D.S., Knox C., Guo A.C., et al
DrugBank: a comprehensive resource for in silico drug discovery and exploration.
Nucleic Acids Research
2006 Jan 134(Database issue):D668-72
Source: go.drugbank.comCC BY-NC 4.0
Updated 30 days ago(4 Mar 2026)