Hydrochlorothiazide 15mg/5ml oral solution
Prescription only
Requires a prescription from a doctor or prescriber
Oral solution
15mg/5ml
Oral
Diuretics
Active ingredients:
Hydrochlorothiazide
No active safety alerts
Official documents, adverse reaction reporting, and safety monitoring
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Official medicine documents
Source: MHRA Products DatabaseOGL 3.0
Updated 3 months ago(16 Jan 2026)Safety monitoring data
Yellow Card reports
MHRA
The MHRA Yellow Card scheme collects reports of suspected side effects from healthcare professionals and patients. View the Drug Analysis Profile (iDAP) for real-world adverse reaction data.
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Suspected adverse reactions reported for Hydrochlorothiazide
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Data from the MHRA Yellow Card scheme. A reported reaction does not necessarily mean the medicine caused it. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
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EMA
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Suspected adverse reactions reported for Hydrochlorothiazide
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WHO defined daily dose (DDD)
25 mg
Not a recommended dose. The DDD is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults. It is a statistical measure used for research and comparison purposes only.
Source: WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, distributed via NHS dm+d BNF mapping files. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Therapeutically similar medicines
Show details
Chlorothiazide 300mg capsules
Capsule
300mg
Same therapeutic group
Chlorothiazide 500mg tablets
Tablet
500mg
Same therapeutic group
Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5mg tablets
Tablet
12.5mg
Same therapeutic group
Hydrochlorothiazide 250mg/5ml oral suspension
Oral suspension
250mg/5ml
Same therapeutic group
Hydrochlorothiazide 250mg/5ml oral solution
Oral solution
250mg/5ml
Same therapeutic group
Similarity based on WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and NHS BNF section grouping. Source data: NHS dm+d via TRUD (OGL v3.0), WHO ATC/DDD Index.
NHS prescribing volume and spending trends
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Clinical guidelines and formulary information
British National Formulary
Hydrochlorothiazide
BNF
Drug monograph — bnf.nice.org.ukSource: British National Formulary, NICE. Joint Formulary Committee. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
NICE clinical guidance(1)
Source: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
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Supply & product information
Official product databases and supply status monitoring
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Codes for healthcare professionals and prescribing systems
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These codes are used by healthcare IT systems and prescribers to identify this medicine.
NHS UK identifiers
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SNOMED CT and dm+d codes from NHS TRUD (Technology Reference data Update Distribution), licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. BNF codes from NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA). ATC codes from the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (whocc.no).
Active and completed clinical studies from ClinicalTrials.gov
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Searching UK clinical trials...
Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Data accessed via ClinicalTrials.gov API v2. Trial information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.
Pharmacology and chemical data from DrugBank
Key facts
Drug status
Approved
Major interactions
101 found
Half-life
5.6-14.8h
Mechanism
Hydrochlorothiazide is transported from the circulation into epithelial cells of…
Food interactions
6 warnings
Human targets
3 targets
Data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Pharmacokinetics at a glance
Absorption
65-75%
An oral dose of hydrochlorothiazide is 65-75% bioavailable, with a Tmax of 1-5 hours, and a Cmax of 70-490ng/mL following doses of 12.5-100mg.
[L8447][L8450]…
[L8447][L8450]…
Half-life
5.6-14.8h
The plasma half life of hydrochlorothiazide is 5.6-14.8h.
[L8447]
[L8447]
Protein binding
40-68%
Hydrochlorothiazide is 40-68% protein bound in plasma.
[L8447][L8450]
Hydrochlorothiazide has been shown to bind to human serum albumin.
[A185201]
[L8447][L8450]
Hydrochlorothiazide has been shown to bind to human serum albumin.
[A185201]
Volume of distribution
0.83-4.19L/kg
The volume of distribution varies widely from one study to another with values of 0.83-4.19L/kg.
[A185213]
[A185213]
Metabolism
Hydrochlorothiazide is not metabolized.
[L8447][L8450]
[L8447][L8450]
Elimination
Hydrochlorothiazide is eliminated in the urine as unchanged hydrochlorothiazide.
[L8447][L8450]
[L8447][L8450]
Clearance
285mL/min
The renal clearance of hydrochlorothiazide in patients with normal renal function is 285mL/min.
[A185207]…
[A185207]…
Pharmacokinetic data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Status:
Approved
Investigational
Vet approved
Small molecule
About this compound
Hydrochlorothiazide is the most commonly prescribed thiazide diuretic.[A185138] It is indicated to treat edema and hypertension.[A185138][L8447][L8450] Hydrochlorothiazide use is common but declining in favour of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.[A185138] Many combination products are available containing hydrochlorothiazide and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors[L8390][L8423] or angiotensin II receptor blockers.[L7426][L7459]
Hydrochlorothiazide was granted FDA approval on 12 February 1959.[L8444]
Hydrochlorothiazide was granted FDA approval on 12 February 1959.[L8444]
Properties:
solid
Avg. mass: 297.74 Da
DrugBank indication
Hydrochlorothiazide is indicated alone or in combination for the management of edema associated with congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, acute glomerulonephritis, chronic renal failure, and corticosteroid and estrogen therapy.
[L8447][L8450]
Hydrochlorothiazide is also indicated alone or in combination for the management of hypertension.
[A185138][L8447][L8450][L45663]
[L8447][L8450]
Hydrochlorothiazide is also indicated alone or in combination for the management of hypertension.
[A185138][L8447][L8450][L45663]
Also known as(53)
HCTZ
Hidroclorotiazida
Hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazidum
Na-Cl cotransporter
Na-Cl symporter
NCC
Thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter
Dosage forms(56)
Tablet (Oral) — 100 mg
Tablet (Oral) — 5 mg
Tablet (Oral) — 12.5 mg
Tablet (Oral) — 16.000 mg
Tablet (Oral) — 16 mg
Tablet (Oral) — 12.500 mg
Tablet, film coated (Oral)
Tablet (Oral) — 25.000 mg
Molecular properties(19)
Drug interactions(1950)
Known interactions with other medications. Always consult a healthcare professional.
Duloxetine
Major
The risk or severity of orthostatic hypotension and syncope can be increased when Hydrochlorothiazide is combined with Duloxetine.
The risk or severity of hypotension and orthostatic hypotension can be increased when Hydrochlorothiazide is combined with Levodopa.
Risperidone
Moderate
Hydrochlorothiazide may increase the hypotensive activities of Risperidone.
Alfuzosin may increase the hypotensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Amifostine
Moderate
Hydrochlorothiazide may increase the hypotensive activities of Amifostine.
Diazoxide may increase the hypotensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Forasartan
Moderate
Hydrochlorothiazide may increase the hypotensive and Electrolyte Disturbance activities of Forasartan.
Tasosartan
Moderate
Hydrochlorothiazide may increase the hypotensive and Electrolyte Disturbance activities of Tasosartan.
Hydrochlorothiazide may increase the hypotensive and Electrolyte Disturbance activities of Saralasin.
Methylphenidate
Moderate
Methylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Dexmethylphenidate
Moderate
Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Obinutuzumab
Moderate
Hydrochlorothiazide may increase the hypotensive activities of Obinutuzumab.
Pentoxifylline
Moderate
Pentoxifylline may increase the hypotensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Hydrochlorothiazide may increase the hypotensive activities of Rituximab.
Phentermine
Moderate
Phentermine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Midodrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Eletriptan
Moderate
Eletriptan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Methysergide
Moderate
Methysergide may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Cabergoline
Moderate
Cabergoline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Zolmitriptan
Moderate
Zolmitriptan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Dihydroergotamine
Moderate
Dihydroergotamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Methylergometrine
Moderate
Methylergometrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Phenylephrine
Moderate
Phenylephrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Doxapram may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Lisuride may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Metaraminol
Moderate
Metaraminol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Ergotamine
Moderate
Ergotamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Nicergoline
Moderate
Nicergoline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Methoxamine
Moderate
Methoxamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Phenmetrazine
Moderate
Phenmetrazine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Trifluoperazine
Moderate
Trifluoperazine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Pseudoephedrine
Moderate
Pseudoephedrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Benzphetamine
Moderate
Benzphetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Diethylpropion
Moderate
Diethylpropion may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Naratriptan
Moderate
Naratriptan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Frovatriptan
Moderate
Frovatriptan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Methoxyflurane
Moderate
Methoxyflurane may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Ergoloid mesylate
Moderate
Ergoloid mesylate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Dutasteride
Moderate
Dutasteride may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Pergolide may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Finasteride
Moderate
Finasteride may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Ergometrine
Moderate
Ergometrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Lisdexamfetamine
Moderate
Lisdexamfetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Mephentermine
Moderate
Mephentermine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Yohimbine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
MMDA may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Midomafetamine
Moderate
Midomafetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
4-Methoxyamphetamine
Moderate
4-Methoxyamphetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Brolamfetamine
Moderate
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Hydrochlorothiazide.
Showing 50 of 1950 interactions
Food & lifestyle interactions
Avoid Alcohol
Avoid alcohol. Alcohol may potentiate orthostatic hypotension.
Advice
Avoid multivalent ions. Take this medication 2 hours before or after the administration of antacids, calcium supplements, or iron supplements to avoid decreased absorption of hydrochlorothiazide.
Advice
Avoid natural licorice. Licorice potentiates the hypokalemic effect of hydrochlorothiazide.
Advice
Increase consumption of potassium-rich foods. This medication may cause potassium depletion. Foods containing potassium include bananas and orange juice.
Advice
Limit salt intake. Avoid excessive salt, unless recommended by a physician.
Advice
Take with or without food.
Toxicity & overdose
The oral LD50 of hydrochlorothiazide is >10g/kg in mice and rats.
[L8447][L8450]
Patients experiencing an overdose may present with hypokalemia, hypochloremia, and hyponatremia.
[L8447][L8450][A185138]
Treat patients with symptomatic and supportive treatment including fluids and electrolytes.
[L8447][L8450][A185138]
Vasopressors may be administered to treat hypotension and oxygen may be given for respiratory impairment.
[A185138][L8447][L8450]
[L8447][L8450]
Patients experiencing an overdose may present with hypokalemia, hypochloremia, and hyponatremia.
[L8447][L8450][A185138]
Treat patients with symptomatic and supportive treatment including fluids and electrolytes.
[L8447][L8450][A185138]
Vasopressors may be administered to treat hypotension and oxygen may be given for respiratory impairment.
[A185138][L8447][L8450]
How it works
Mechanism of action
Hydrochlorothiazide is transported from the circulation into epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule by the organic anion transporters OAT1, OAT3, and OAT4.[A185204][A185180] From these cells, hydrochlorothiazide is transported to the lumen of the tubule by multidrug resistance associated protein 4 (MRP4).[A185204]
Normally, sodium is reabsorbed into epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule and pumped into the basolateral interstitium by a sodium-potassium ATPase, creating a concentration gradient between the epithelial cell and the distal convoluted tubule that promotes the reabsorption of water.[A16730]
Hydrochlorothiazide acts on the proximal region of the distal convoluted tubule, inhibiting reabsorption by the sodium-chloride symporter, also known as Solute Carrier Family 12 Member 3 (SLC12A3).[A185138][A185180][A16730] Inhibition of SLC12A3 reduces the magnitude of the concentration gradient between the epithelial cell and distal convoluted tubule, reducing the reabsorption of water.[A16730]
Normally, sodium is reabsorbed into epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule and pumped into the basolateral interstitium by a sodium-potassium ATPase, creating a concentration gradient between the epithelial cell and the distal convoluted tubule that promotes the reabsorption of water.[A16730]
Hydrochlorothiazide acts on the proximal region of the distal convoluted tubule, inhibiting reabsorption by the sodium-chloride symporter, also known as Solute Carrier Family 12 Member 3 (SLC12A3).[A185138][A185180][A16730] Inhibition of SLC12A3 reduces the magnitude of the concentration gradient between the epithelial cell and distal convoluted tubule, reducing the reabsorption of water.[A16730]
Pharmacodynamics
Hydrochlorothiazide prevents the reabsorption of sodium and water from the distal convoluted tubule, allowing for the increased elimination of water in the urine.[A185138][A185180][A16730][L8447][L8450] Hydrochlorothiazide has a wide therapeutic window as dosing is individualized and can range from 25-100mg.[L8447][L8450] Hydrochlorothiazide should be used with caution in patients with reduced kidney or liver function.[L8447][L8450]
Pharmacokinetics
How the body processes this drug — absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
Absorption
An oral dose of hydrochlorothiazide is 65-75% bioavailable, with a Tmax of 1-5 hours, and a Cmax of 70-490ng/mL following doses of 12.5-100mg.
[L8447][L8450]
When taken with a meal, bioavailability is 10% lower, Cmax is 20% lower, and Tmax increases from 1.6 to 2.9 hours.
[L8450]
[L8447][L8450]
When taken with a meal, bioavailability is 10% lower, Cmax is 20% lower, and Tmax increases from 1.6 to 2.9 hours.
[L8450]
Half-life
The plasma half life of hydrochlorothiazide is 5.6-14.8h.
[L8447]
[L8447]
Protein binding
Hydrochlorothiazide is 40-68% protein bound in plasma.
[L8447][L8450]
Hydrochlorothiazide has been shown to bind to human serum albumin.
[A185201]
[L8447][L8450]
Hydrochlorothiazide has been shown to bind to human serum albumin.
[A185201]
Volume of distribution
The volume of distribution varies widely from one study to another with values of 0.83-4.19L/kg.
[A185213]
[A185213]
Metabolism
Hydrochlorothiazide is not metabolized.
[L8447][L8450]
[L8447][L8450]
Route of elimination
Hydrochlorothiazide is eliminated in the urine as unchanged hydrochlorothiazide.
[L8447][L8450]
[L8447][L8450]
Clearance
The renal clearance of hydrochlorothiazide in patients with normal renal function is 285mL/min.
[A185207]
Patients with a creatinine clearance of 31-80mL/min have an average hydroxychlorothiazide renal clearance of 75mL/min, and patients with a creatinine clearance of ≤30mL/min have an average hydroxychlorothiazide renal clearance of 17mL/min.
[A185207]
[A185207]
Patients with a creatinine clearance of 31-80mL/min have an average hydroxychlorothiazide renal clearance of 75mL/min, and patients with a creatinine clearance of ≤30mL/min have an average hydroxychlorothiazide renal clearance of 17mL/min.
[A185207]
Drug targets(3)
Proteins and enzymes this drug interacts with in the body
Solute carrier family 12 member 3
SLC12A3
inhibitor
Specific functionATP binding
Cellular location
Cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Electroneutral sodium and chloride ion cotransporter, which acts as a key mediator of sodium and chloride reabsorption in kidney distal convoluted tubules .
PMID:18270262 PMID:21613606 PMID:22009145 PMID:36351028 PMID:36792826
Also acts as a receptor for the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL18, thereby contributing to IL18-induced cytokine production, including IFNG, IL6, IL18 and CCL2 (By similarity). May act either independently of IL18R1, or in a complex with IL18R1 (By similarity)
PMID:18270262 PMID:21613606 PMID:22009145 PMID:36351028 PMID:36792826
Also acts as a receptor for the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL18, thereby contributing to IL18-induced cytokine production, including IFNG, IL6, IL18 and CCL2 (By similarity). May act either independently of IL18R1, or in a complex with IL18R1 (By similarity)
Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1
KCNMA1
inhibitor
Specific functionactin binding
Cellular location
Cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Potassium channel activated by both membrane depolarization or increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) that mediates export of K(+) .
PMID:14523450 PMID:29330545 PMID:31152168
It is also activated by the concentration of cytosolic Mg(2+). Its activation dampens the excitatory events that elevate the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration and/or depolarize the cell membrane. It therefore contributes to repolarization of the membrane potential.
Plays a key role in controlling excitability in a number of systems, such as regulation of the contraction of smooth muscle, the tuning of hair cells in the cochlea, regulation of transmitter release, and innate immunity. In smooth muscles, its activation by high level of Ca(2+), caused by ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, regulates the membrane potential. In cochlea cells, its number and kinetic properties partly determine the characteristic frequency of each hair cell and thereby helps to establish a tonotopic map.
Kinetics of KCNMA1 channels are determined by alternative splicing, phosphorylation status and its combination with modulating beta subunits. Highly sensitive to both iberiotoxin (IbTx) and charybdotoxin (CTX). Possibly induces sleep when activated by melatonin and through melatonin receptor MTNR1A-dependent dissociation of G-beta and G-gamma subunits, leading to increased sensitivity to Ca(2+) and reduced synaptic transmission PMID:32958651
PMID:14523450 PMID:29330545 PMID:31152168
It is also activated by the concentration of cytosolic Mg(2+). Its activation dampens the excitatory events that elevate the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration and/or depolarize the cell membrane. It therefore contributes to repolarization of the membrane potential.
Plays a key role in controlling excitability in a number of systems, such as regulation of the contraction of smooth muscle, the tuning of hair cells in the cochlea, regulation of transmitter release, and innate immunity. In smooth muscles, its activation by high level of Ca(2+), caused by ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, regulates the membrane potential. In cochlea cells, its number and kinetic properties partly determine the characteristic frequency of each hair cell and thereby helps to establish a tonotopic map.
Kinetics of KCNMA1 channels are determined by alternative splicing, phosphorylation status and its combination with modulating beta subunits. Highly sensitive to both iberiotoxin (IbTx) and charybdotoxin (CTX). Possibly induces sleep when activated by melatonin and through melatonin receptor MTNR1A-dependent dissociation of G-beta and G-gamma subunits, leading to increased sensitivity to Ca(2+) and reduced synaptic transmission PMID:32958651
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACE
modulator
Specific functionactin binding
Cellular location
Cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase that removes dipeptides from the C-terminus of a variety of circulating hormones, such as angiotensin I, bradykinin or enkephalins, thereby playing a key role in the regulation of blood pressure, electrolyte homeostasis or synaptic plasticity .
PMID:15615692 PMID:20826823 PMID:2558109 PMID:4322742 PMID:7523412 PMID:7683654
Composed of two similar catalytic domains, each possessing a functional active site, with different selectivity for substrates .
PMID:10913258 PMID:1320019 PMID:1851160 PMID:19773553 PMID:7683654 PMID:7876104
Plays a major role in the angiotensin-renin system that regulates blood pressure and sodium retention by the kidney by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, resulting in an increase of the vasoconstrictor activity of angiotensin .
PMID:11432860 PMID:1851160 PMID:19773553 PMID:23056909 PMID:4322742
Also able to inactivate bradykinin, a potent vasodilator, and therefore enhance the blood pressure response .
PMID:15615692 PMID:2558109 PMID:4322742 PMID:6055465 PMID:6270633 PMID:7683654
Acts as a regulator of synaptic transmission by mediating cleavage of neuropeptide hormones, such as substance P, neurotensin or enkephalins .
PMID:15615692 PMID:6208535 PMID:6270633 PMID:656131
Catalyzes degradation of different enkephalin neuropeptides (Met-enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe and possibly Met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu) .
PMID:2982830 PMID:6270633 PMID:656131
Acts as a regulator of synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens of the brain by mediating cleavage of Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, a strong ligand of Mu-type opioid receptor OPRM1, into Met-enkephalin (By similarity). Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe cleavage by ACE decreases activation of OPRM1, leading to long-term synaptic potentiation of glutamate release (By similarity). Also acts as a regulator of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation by mediating degradation of hemoregulatory peptide N-acetyl-SDKP (AcSDKP) .
PMID:26403559 PMID:7876104 PMID:8257427 PMID:8609242
Acts as a regulator of cannabinoid signaling pathway by mediating degradation of hemopressin, an antagonist peptide of the cannabinoid receptor CNR1 .
PMID:18077343
Involved in amyloid-beta metabolism by catalyzing degradation of Amyloid-beta protein 40 and Amyloid-beta protein 42 peptides, thereby preventing plaque formation .
PMID:11604391 PMID:16154999 PMID:19773553
Catalyzes cleavage of cholecystokinin (maturation of Cholecystokinin-8 and Cholecystokinin-5) and Gonadoliberin-1 (both maturation and degradation) hormones .
PMID:10336644 PMID:2983326 PMID:7683654 PMID:9371719
Degradation of hemoregulatory peptide N-acetyl-SDKP (AcSDKP) and amyloid-beta proteins is mediated by the N-terminal catalytic domain, while angiotensin I and cholecystokinin cleavage is mediated by the C-terminal catalytic region PMID:10336644 PMID:19773553 PMID:7876104
PMID:15615692 PMID:20826823 PMID:2558109 PMID:4322742 PMID:7523412 PMID:7683654
Composed of two similar catalytic domains, each possessing a functional active site, with different selectivity for substrates .
PMID:10913258 PMID:1320019 PMID:1851160 PMID:19773553 PMID:7683654 PMID:7876104
Plays a major role in the angiotensin-renin system that regulates blood pressure and sodium retention by the kidney by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, resulting in an increase of the vasoconstrictor activity of angiotensin .
PMID:11432860 PMID:1851160 PMID:19773553 PMID:23056909 PMID:4322742
Also able to inactivate bradykinin, a potent vasodilator, and therefore enhance the blood pressure response .
PMID:15615692 PMID:2558109 PMID:4322742 PMID:6055465 PMID:6270633 PMID:7683654
Acts as a regulator of synaptic transmission by mediating cleavage of neuropeptide hormones, such as substance P, neurotensin or enkephalins .
PMID:15615692 PMID:6208535 PMID:6270633 PMID:656131
Catalyzes degradation of different enkephalin neuropeptides (Met-enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe and possibly Met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu) .
PMID:2982830 PMID:6270633 PMID:656131
Acts as a regulator of synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens of the brain by mediating cleavage of Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, a strong ligand of Mu-type opioid receptor OPRM1, into Met-enkephalin (By similarity). Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe cleavage by ACE decreases activation of OPRM1, leading to long-term synaptic potentiation of glutamate release (By similarity). Also acts as a regulator of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation by mediating degradation of hemoregulatory peptide N-acetyl-SDKP (AcSDKP) .
PMID:26403559 PMID:7876104 PMID:8257427 PMID:8609242
Acts as a regulator of cannabinoid signaling pathway by mediating degradation of hemopressin, an antagonist peptide of the cannabinoid receptor CNR1 .
PMID:18077343
Involved in amyloid-beta metabolism by catalyzing degradation of Amyloid-beta protein 40 and Amyloid-beta protein 42 peptides, thereby preventing plaque formation .
PMID:11604391 PMID:16154999 PMID:19773553
Catalyzes cleavage of cholecystokinin (maturation of Cholecystokinin-8 and Cholecystokinin-5) and Gonadoliberin-1 (both maturation and degradation) hormones .
PMID:10336644 PMID:2983326 PMID:7683654 PMID:9371719
Degradation of hemoregulatory peptide N-acetyl-SDKP (AcSDKP) and amyloid-beta proteins is mediated by the N-terminal catalytic domain, while angiotensin I and cholecystokinin cleavage is mediated by the C-terminal catalytic region PMID:10336644 PMID:19773553 PMID:7876104
Transporters(4)
Proteins that transport this drug across cell membranes
Solute carrier family 22 member 6
SLC22A6
substrate
inhibitor
Specific functionalpha-ketoglutarate transmembrane transporter activity
Cellular location
Basolateral cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Secondary active transporter that functions as a Na(+)-independent organic anion (OA)/dicarboxylate antiporter where the uptake of one molecule of OA into the cell is coupled with an efflux of one molecule of intracellular dicarboxylate such as 2-oxoglutarate or glutarate .
PMID:11669456 PMID:11907186 PMID:14675047 PMID:22108572 PMID:23832370 PMID:28534121 PMID:9950961
Mediates the uptake of OA across the basolateral side of proximal tubule epithelial cells, thereby contributing to the renal elimination of endogenous OA from the systemic circulation into the urine .
PMID:9887087
Functions as a biopterin transporters involved in the uptake and the secretion of coenzymes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and sepiapterin to urine, thereby determining baseline levels of blood biopterins .
PMID:28534121
Transports prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) and may contribute to their renal excretion .
PMID:11907186
Also mediates the uptake of cyclic nucleotides such as cAMP and cGMP .
PMID:26377792
Involved in the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites kynurenate (KYNA) and xanthurenate (XA) and may contribute to their secretion from the brain .
PMID:22108572 PMID:23832370
May transport glutamate .
PMID:26377792
Also involved in the disposition of uremic toxins and potentially toxic xenobiotics by the renal organic anion secretory pathway, helping reduce their undesired toxicological effects on the body .
PMID:11669456 PMID:14675047
Uremic toxins include the indoxyl sulfate (IS), hippurate/N-benzoylglycine (HA), indole acetate (IA), 3-carboxy-4- methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF) and urate .
PMID:14675047 PMID:26377792
Xenobiotics include the mycotoxin ochratoxin (OTA) .
PMID:11669456
May also contribute to the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier PMID:35307651
PMID:11669456 PMID:11907186 PMID:14675047 PMID:22108572 PMID:23832370 PMID:28534121 PMID:9950961
Mediates the uptake of OA across the basolateral side of proximal tubule epithelial cells, thereby contributing to the renal elimination of endogenous OA from the systemic circulation into the urine .
PMID:9887087
Functions as a biopterin transporters involved in the uptake and the secretion of coenzymes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and sepiapterin to urine, thereby determining baseline levels of blood biopterins .
PMID:28534121
Transports prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) and may contribute to their renal excretion .
PMID:11907186
Also mediates the uptake of cyclic nucleotides such as cAMP and cGMP .
PMID:26377792
Involved in the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites kynurenate (KYNA) and xanthurenate (XA) and may contribute to their secretion from the brain .
PMID:22108572 PMID:23832370
May transport glutamate .
PMID:26377792
Also involved in the disposition of uremic toxins and potentially toxic xenobiotics by the renal organic anion secretory pathway, helping reduce their undesired toxicological effects on the body .
PMID:11669456 PMID:14675047
Uremic toxins include the indoxyl sulfate (IS), hippurate/N-benzoylglycine (HA), indole acetate (IA), 3-carboxy-4- methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF) and urate .
PMID:14675047 PMID:26377792
Xenobiotics include the mycotoxin ochratoxin (OTA) .
PMID:11669456
May also contribute to the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier PMID:35307651
Organic anion transporter 3
SLC22A8
substrate
Specific functionorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Cellular location
Basolateral cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Functions as an organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger that couples organic anion uptake indirectly to the sodium gradient .
PMID:14586168 PMID:15644426 PMID:15846473 PMID:16455804 PMID:31553721
Transports organic anions such as estrone 3-sulfate (E1S) and urate in exchange for dicarboxylates such as glutarate or ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) .
PMID:14586168 PMID:15846473 PMID:15864504 PMID:22108572 PMID:23832370
Plays an important role in the excretion of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the kidney and the brain .
PMID:11306713 PMID:14586168 PMID:15846473
E1S transport is pH- and chloride-dependent and may also involve E1S/cGMP exchange .
PMID:26377792
Responsible for the transport of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2(alpha) (PGF2(alpha)) in the basolateral side of the renal tubule .
PMID:11907186
Involved in the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites kynurenate and xanthurenate .
PMID:22108572 PMID:23832370
Functions as a biopterin transporters involved in the uptake and the secretion of coenzymes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and sepiapterin to urine, thereby determining baseline levels of blood biopterins .
PMID:28534121
May be involved in the basolateral transport of steviol, a metabolite of the popular sugar substitute stevioside .
PMID:15644426
May participate in the detoxification/ renal excretion of drugs and xenobiotics, such as the histamine H(2)-receptor antagonists fexofenadine and cimetidine, the antibiotic benzylpenicillin (PCG), the anionic herbicide 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), the diagnostic agent p-aminohippurate (PAH), the antiviral acyclovir (ACV), and the mycotoxin ochratoxin (OTA), by transporting these exogenous organic anions across the cell membrane in exchange for dicarboxylates such as 2-oxoglutarate .
PMID:11669456 PMID:15846473 PMID:16455804
Contributes to the renal uptake of potent uremic toxins (indoxyl sulfate (IS), indole acetate (IA), hippurate/N-benzoylglycine (HA) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF)), pravastatin, PCG, E1S and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and is partly involved in the renal uptake of temocaprilat (an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor) .
PMID:14675047
May contribute to the release of cortisol in the adrenals .
PMID:15864504
Involved in one of the detoxification systems on the choroid plexus (CP), removes substrates such as E1S or taurocholate (TC), PCG, 2,4-D and PAH, from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the blood for eventual excretion in urine and bile (By similarity). Also contributes to the uptake of several other organic compounds such as the prostanoids prostaglandin E(2) and prostaglandin F(2-alpha), L-carnitine, and the therapeutic drugs allopurinol, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (By similarity). Mediates the transport of PAH, PCG, and the statins pravastatin and pitavastatin, from the cerebrum into the blood circulation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
In summary, plays a role in the efflux of drugs and xenobiotics, helping reduce their undesired toxicological effects on the body (By similarity)
PMID:14586168 PMID:15644426 PMID:15846473 PMID:16455804 PMID:31553721
Transports organic anions such as estrone 3-sulfate (E1S) and urate in exchange for dicarboxylates such as glutarate or ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) .
PMID:14586168 PMID:15846473 PMID:15864504 PMID:22108572 PMID:23832370
Plays an important role in the excretion of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the kidney and the brain .
PMID:11306713 PMID:14586168 PMID:15846473
E1S transport is pH- and chloride-dependent and may also involve E1S/cGMP exchange .
PMID:26377792
Responsible for the transport of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2(alpha) (PGF2(alpha)) in the basolateral side of the renal tubule .
PMID:11907186
Involved in the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites kynurenate and xanthurenate .
PMID:22108572 PMID:23832370
Functions as a biopterin transporters involved in the uptake and the secretion of coenzymes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and sepiapterin to urine, thereby determining baseline levels of blood biopterins .
PMID:28534121
May be involved in the basolateral transport of steviol, a metabolite of the popular sugar substitute stevioside .
PMID:15644426
May participate in the detoxification/ renal excretion of drugs and xenobiotics, such as the histamine H(2)-receptor antagonists fexofenadine and cimetidine, the antibiotic benzylpenicillin (PCG), the anionic herbicide 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), the diagnostic agent p-aminohippurate (PAH), the antiviral acyclovir (ACV), and the mycotoxin ochratoxin (OTA), by transporting these exogenous organic anions across the cell membrane in exchange for dicarboxylates such as 2-oxoglutarate .
PMID:11669456 PMID:15846473 PMID:16455804
Contributes to the renal uptake of potent uremic toxins (indoxyl sulfate (IS), indole acetate (IA), hippurate/N-benzoylglycine (HA) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF)), pravastatin, PCG, E1S and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and is partly involved in the renal uptake of temocaprilat (an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor) .
PMID:14675047
May contribute to the release of cortisol in the adrenals .
PMID:15864504
Involved in one of the detoxification systems on the choroid plexus (CP), removes substrates such as E1S or taurocholate (TC), PCG, 2,4-D and PAH, from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the blood for eventual excretion in urine and bile (By similarity). Also contributes to the uptake of several other organic compounds such as the prostanoids prostaglandin E(2) and prostaglandin F(2-alpha), L-carnitine, and the therapeutic drugs allopurinol, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (By similarity). Mediates the transport of PAH, PCG, and the statins pravastatin and pitavastatin, from the cerebrum into the blood circulation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
In summary, plays a role in the efflux of drugs and xenobiotics, helping reduce their undesired toxicological effects on the body (By similarity)
Solute carrier family 22 member 11
SLC22A11
substrate
Specific functionorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Cellular location
Cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Antiporter that mediates the transport of conjugated steroids and other specific organic anions at the basal membrane of syncytiotrophoblast and at the apical membrane of proximal tubule epithelial cells, in exchange for anionic compounds .
PMID:10660625 PMID:11907186 PMID:15037815 PMID:15102942 PMID:15291761 PMID:15576633 PMID:17229912 PMID:18501590 PMID:26277985 PMID:28027879
May be responsible for placental absorption of fetal-derived steroid sulfates such as estrone sulfate (E1S) and the steroid hormone precursor dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), as well as clearing waste products and xenobiotics from the fetus .
PMID:12409283
Maybe also be involved in placental urate homeostasis .
PMID:17229912
Facilitates the renal reabsorption of organic anions such as urate and derived steroid sulfates .
PMID:15037815 PMID:17229912
Organic anion glutarate acts as conteranion for E1S renal uptake .
PMID:15037815 PMID:17229912
Possible transport mode may also include DHEA-S/E1S exchange .
PMID:28027879
Also interacts with inorganic anions such as chloride and hydroxyl ions, therefore possible transport modes may include E1S/Cl(-), E1S/OH(-), urate/Cl(-) and urate/OH(-) .
PMID:17229912
Also mediates the transport of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) and may be involved in their renal excretion .
PMID:11907186
Also able to uptake anionic drugs, diuretics, bile salts and ochratoxin A .
PMID:10660625 PMID:26277985
Mediates the unidirectional efflux of glutamate and aspartate .
PMID:28027879
Glutamate efflux down its transmembrane gradient may drive SLC22A11/OAT4-mediated placental uptake of E1S PMID:26277985
PMID:10660625 PMID:11907186 PMID:15037815 PMID:15102942 PMID:15291761 PMID:15576633 PMID:17229912 PMID:18501590 PMID:26277985 PMID:28027879
May be responsible for placental absorption of fetal-derived steroid sulfates such as estrone sulfate (E1S) and the steroid hormone precursor dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), as well as clearing waste products and xenobiotics from the fetus .
PMID:12409283
Maybe also be involved in placental urate homeostasis .
PMID:17229912
Facilitates the renal reabsorption of organic anions such as urate and derived steroid sulfates .
PMID:15037815 PMID:17229912
Organic anion glutarate acts as conteranion for E1S renal uptake .
PMID:15037815 PMID:17229912
Possible transport mode may also include DHEA-S/E1S exchange .
PMID:28027879
Also interacts with inorganic anions such as chloride and hydroxyl ions, therefore possible transport modes may include E1S/Cl(-), E1S/OH(-), urate/Cl(-) and urate/OH(-) .
PMID:17229912
Also mediates the transport of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) and may be involved in their renal excretion .
PMID:11907186
Also able to uptake anionic drugs, diuretics, bile salts and ochratoxin A .
PMID:10660625 PMID:26277985
Mediates the unidirectional efflux of glutamate and aspartate .
PMID:28027879
Glutamate efflux down its transmembrane gradient may drive SLC22A11/OAT4-mediated placental uptake of E1S PMID:26277985
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 4
ABCC4
substrate
Specific function15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
Cellular location
Basolateral cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family that actively extrudes physiological compounds and xenobiotics from cells. Transports a range of endogenous molecules that have a key role in cellular communication and signaling, including cyclic nucleotides such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP), bile acids, steroid conjugates, urate, and prostaglandins .
PMID:11856762 PMID:12523936 PMID:12835412 PMID:12883481 PMID:15364914 PMID:15454390 PMID:16282361 PMID:17959747 PMID:18300232 PMID:26721430
Mediates the ATP-dependent efflux of glutathione conjugates such as leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) too. The presence of GSH is necessary for the ATP-dependent transport of LTB4, whereas GSH is not required for the transport of LTC4 .
PMID:17959747
Mediates the cotransport of bile acids with reduced glutathione (GSH) .
PMID:12523936 PMID:12883481 PMID:16282361
Transports a wide range of drugs and their metabolites, including anticancer, antiviral and antibiotics molecules .
PMID:11856762 PMID:12105214 PMID:15454390 PMID:17344354 PMID:18300232
Confers resistance to anticancer agents such as methotrexate PMID:11106685
PMID:11856762 PMID:12523936 PMID:12835412 PMID:12883481 PMID:15364914 PMID:15454390 PMID:16282361 PMID:17959747 PMID:18300232 PMID:26721430
Mediates the ATP-dependent efflux of glutathione conjugates such as leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) too. The presence of GSH is necessary for the ATP-dependent transport of LTB4, whereas GSH is not required for the transport of LTC4 .
PMID:17959747
Mediates the cotransport of bile acids with reduced glutathione (GSH) .
PMID:12523936 PMID:12883481 PMID:16282361
Transports a wide range of drugs and their metabolites, including anticancer, antiviral and antibiotics molecules .
PMID:11856762 PMID:12105214 PMID:15454390 PMID:17344354 PMID:18300232
Confers resistance to anticancer agents such as methotrexate PMID:11106685
Carriers(1)
Proteins that carry this drug through the body
Albumin
ALB
binder
Specific functionantioxidant activity
Cellular location
Secreted
General function & pharmacology
Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc .
PMID:19021548
Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity).
Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity).
Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli .
PMID:6234017
Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin PMID:6234017
PMID:19021548
Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity).
Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity).
Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli .
PMID:6234017
Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin PMID:6234017
Biological pathways(1)
Scientific references(8)
Pickkers P., Hughes A.D., Russel F.G., Thien T., Smits P.
Thiazide-induced vasodilation in humans is mediated by potassium channel activation.
Hypertension
1998 Dec32(6):1071-6. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.32.6.1071
Herman LL, Bashir K: Hydrochlorothiazide .
Akbari P., Khorasani-Zadeh A.
Thiazide diuretics see Loop diuretics/thiazide diuretics.
Reactions
1989238(1):7-7. doi: 10.1007/bf03283227
Gamba G.
The thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl- cotransporter: molecular biology, functional properties, and regulation by WNKs.
American Journal Physiology Renal Physiology
2009 Oct297(4):F838-48. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00159.2009. Epub 2009 May 27
Balaei F., Ghobadi S.
Hydrochlorothiazide binding to human serum albumin induces some compactness in the molecular structure of the protein: A multi-spectroscopic and computational study.
Journal Pharmacy Biomed Anal
2019 Jan 5162:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.009. Epub 2018 Sep 5
Hasegawa M., Kusuhara H., Adachi M., Schuetz J.D., Takeuchi K., Sugiyama Y.
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 is involved in the urinary excretion of hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide.
Journal American Society Nephrol
2007 Jan18(1):37-45. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2005090966. Epub 2006 Nov 29
Niemeyer C., Hasenfuss G., Wais U., Knauf H., Schafer-Korting M., Mutschler E.
Pharmacokinetics of hydrochlorothiazide in relation to renal function.
European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
198324(5):661-5. doi: 10.1007/bf00542218
Chen T.M., Chiou W.L.
Red blood cell sodium and potassium after hydrochlorothiazide.
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
198130(3):373-377. doi: 10.1038/clpt.1981.175
ATC classification(13 codes)
ATC C09BX03
ATC C03AX01
ATC C03AB03
ATC C09DX03
ATC C03EA01
ATC C09DX06
ATC C09XA52
ATC G01AE10
ATC C09DX01
ATC C03AA03
ATC C09XA54
ATC C09DX08
ATC C09DX07
Affected organisms(1)
Humans and other mammals
International brands(3)
Experimental properties(6)
Commercial products(3615)
Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
Show
Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
Linked compound data from DrugBank Open Data (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Hydrochlorothiazide
Additional database identifiers
Drugs Product Database (DPD)
10234
ChemSpider
3513
BindingDB
13076
PDB
HCZ
ZINC
ZINC000000896569
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10912
GenAtlas
SLC12A3
GeneCards
SLC12A3
GenBank Gene Database
U44128
GenBank Protein Database
1172161
UniProt Accession
S12A3_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6284
GenAtlas
KCNMA1
GeneCards
KCNMA1
GenBank Gene Database
U13913
GenBank Protein Database
537439
Guide to Pharmacology
380
UniProt Accession
KCMA1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2707
GenAtlas
ACE
GeneCards
ACE
GenBank Gene Database
J04144
GenBank Protein Database
178286
Guide to Pharmacology
1613
UniProt Accession
ACE_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:399
GenAtlas
ALB
GeneCards
ALB
GenBank Gene Database
V00494
GenBank Protein Database
28590
UniProt Accession
ALBU_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10970
GenAtlas
hROAT1
GeneCards
SLC22A6
GenBank Gene Database
AF057039
GenBank Protein Database
3831566
Guide to Pharmacology
1025
UniProt Accession
S22A6_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10972
GeneCards
SLC22A8
GenBank Gene Database
AF097491
GenBank Protein Database
4378059
Guide to Pharmacology
1027
UniProt Accession
S22A8_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:18120
GenAtlas
SLC22A11
GeneCards
SLC22A11
GenBank Gene Database
AB026116
GenBank Protein Database
7707622
Guide to Pharmacology
1030
UniProt Accession
S22AB_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:55
GenAtlas
ABCC4
GeneCards
ABCC4
GenBank Gene Database
AF071202
GenBank Protein Database
3335173
Guide to Pharmacology
782
UniProt Accession
MRP4_HUMAN
International reference pricing
40 formulations
Reference pricing from DrugBank. Prices are indicative and may not reflect current UK costs.
From $0.04/tablet
To $109.86/box
Apo-Hydro 25 mg Tablet
$0.04/tablet
Novo-Hydrazide 25 mg Tablet
$0.04/tablet
Apo-Hydro 50 mg Tablet
$0.06/tablet
Novo-Hydrazide 50 mg Tablet
$0.06/tablet
Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg tablet
$0.11/tablet
Source: DrugBank. Used under CC BY-NC 4.0 academic licence for non-commercial purposes.
Patent information
2 active patents, 11 expired
11878022
United States
Approved 23 Jan 2024 · Expires 23 Jan 2044
17y 9m
8618172
United States
Approved 31 Dec 2013 · Expires 13 Jul 2028
2y 3m
Approved 2 Jul 2013 · Expires 16 Nov 2023
Expired
8101599
United States
Approved 24 Jan 2012 · Expires 16 May 2023
Expired
8183295
United States
Approved 22 May 2012 · Expires 16 May 2023
Expired
Source: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0. Patent data sourced from national patent offices. Expiry dates may not reflect extensions, regulatory exclusivity periods, or legal challenges.
DrugBank citations
If you use DrugBank data in your research, please cite the following publications:
Knox C., Wilson M., Klinger C.M., et al
DrugBank 6.
0: the DrugBank Knowledgebase for 2024
Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 552(D1):D1265-D1275
Wishart D.S., Feunang Y.D., Guo A.C., et al
DrugBank 5.
0: a major update to the DrugBank database for 2018
Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Nov 846(D1):D1074-D1082
Show earlier publications
Law V., Knox C., Djoumbou Y., et al
DrugBank 4.
0: shedding new light on drug metabolism
Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jan 142(1):D1091-7
Knox C., Law V., Jewison T., et al
DrugBank 3.
0: a comprehensive resource for 'omics' research on drugs
Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan39(Database issue):D1035-41
Wishart D.S., Knox C., Guo A.C., et al
DrugBank: a knowledgebase for drugs, drug actions and drug targets.
Nucleic Acids Research
2008 Jan36(Database issue):D901-6
Wishart D.S., Knox C., Guo A.C., et al
DrugBank: a comprehensive resource for in silico drug discovery and exploration.
Nucleic Acids Research
2006 Jan 134(Database issue):D668-72
Source: go.drugbank.comCC BY-NC 4.0
Updated 26 days ago(8 Mar 2026)