Glycerol trioleate oil liquid

Background ANGPTL3 (angiopoietin-like protein 3) is an acknowledged crucial regulator of lipid metabolism by virtue of its inhibitory effect on lipoprotein lipase and endothelial lipase. It is currently unknown whether and to which lipoproteins ANGPTL3 is bound and whether the ability of ANGPTL3 to inhibit lipase activity is affected by binding to lipoproteins. Methods and Results Incubation of ultracentrifugation-isolated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fractions from healthy volunteers with recombinant ANGPTL3 revealed that ANGPTL3 associates with both HDL and LDL particles ex vivo. Plasma from healthy volunteers and a patient deficient in HDL was fractionated by fast protein liquid chromatography, and ANGPTL3 distribution among lipoprotein fractions was measured. In healthy volunteers, ≈75% of lipoprotein-associated ANGPTL3 resides in HDL fractions, whereas ANGPTL3 was largely bound to LDL in the patient deficient in HDL. ANGPTL3 activity was studied by measuring lipolysis and uptake of 3H-trioleate by brown adipocyte T37i cells. Unbound ANGPTL3 did not suppress lipase activity, but when given with HDL or LDL, ANGPTL3 suppressed lipase activity by 21.4±16.4% (P=0.03) and 25.4±8.2% (P=0.006), respectively. Finally, in a subset of the EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer) Norfolk study, plasma HDL cholesterol and amount of large HDL particles were both positively associated with plasma ANGPTL3 concentrations. Moreover, plasma ANGPTL3 concentrations showed a positive association with incident coronary artery disease (odds ratio, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.01-1.55], P=0.04). Conclusions Although ANGPTL3 preferentially resides on HDL, its activity was highest once bound to LDL particles.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on the transesterification of lard with glycerol monolaurate (GML) using Lipozyme TL IM to synthesize diacylglycerol (DAG), and the physicochemical properties of lard, GML, ultrasonic-treated diacylglycerol (named U-DAG), purified ultrasonic-treated diacylglycerol obtained by molecular distillation (named P-U-DAG), and without ultrasonic-treated diacylglycerol (named N-U-DAG) were analyzed. The optimized ultrasonic pretreatment conditions were: lard to GML mole ratio 3:1, enzyme dosage 6 %, ultrasonic temperature 80 °C, time 9 min, power 315 W. After ultrasonic pretreatment, the mixtures reacted for 4 h in a water bath at 60 °C, the content of DAG reached 40.59 %. No significant variations were observed between U-DAG and N-U-DAG in fatty acids compositions and iodine value, while P-U-DAG had lower unsaturated fatty acids than U-DAG. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that the melting and crystallization properties of DAGs prepared by ultrasonic pretreatment significantly differed from lard. FTIR spectra noted transesterification reaction from lard and GML with and without ultrasonic pretreatment would not change the structure of lard. However, thermogravimetric analysis proved that N-U-DAG, U-DAG, and P-U-DAG had lower oxidation stability than lard. The higher the content of DAG, the faster the oxidation speed.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND

The product of ozonolysis, glycero-(9,10-trioxolane)-trioleate (ozonide of oleic acid triglyceride, [OTOA]), was incorporated into polylactic acid/polycaprolactone (PLA/PCL) blend films in the amount of 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40% w/w. The morphological, mechanical, thermal and antibacterial properties of the biodegradable PLA/PCL films after the OTOA addition were studied. According to DSC and XRD data, the degree of crystallinity of the PLA/PCL + OTOA films showed a general decreasing trend with an increase in OTOA content. Thus, a significant decrease from 34.0% for the reference PLA/PCL film to 15.7% for the PLA/PCL + 40% OTOA film was established using DSC. Observed results could be explained by the plasticizing effect of OTOA. On the other hand, the PLA/PCL film with 20% OTOA does not follow this trend, showing an increase in crystallinity both via DSC (20.3%) and XRD (34.6%). OTOA molecules, acting as a plasticizer, reduce the entropic barrier for nuclei formation, leading to large number of PLA spherulites in the plasticized PLA/PCL matrix. In addition, OTOA molecules could decrease the local melt viscosity at the vicinity of the growing lamellae, leading to faster crystal growth. Morphological analysis showed that the structure of the films with an OTOA concentration above 20% drastically changed. Specifically, an interface between the PLA/PCL matrix and OTOA was formed, thereby forming a capsule with the embedded antibacterial agent. The moisture permeability of the resulting PLA/PCL + OTOA films decreased due to the formation of uniformly distributed hydrophobic amorphous zones that prevented water penetration. This architecture affects the tensile characteristics of the films: strength decreases to 5.6 MPa, elastic modulus E by 40%. The behavior of film elasticity is associated with the redistribution of amorphous regions in the matrix. Additionally, PLA/PCL + OTOA films with 20, 30 and 40% of OTOA showed good antibacterial properties on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Raoultella terrigena (Klebsiella terrigena) and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, making the developed films potentially promising materials for wound-dressing applications.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Non-lamellar liquid crystal (NLLC) structures have gained increasing attention for the controlled release of entrapped drugs. In the present study, an in situ NLLC structure-forming depot formulation through contact with water was developed using a ternary mixture system of soya phosphatidyl choline (SPC), 1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol sodium salt (DOPG), and sorbitan trioleate (Span 85), and the long-term release of an entrapped model drug, leuprolide acetate (LA), was investigated using evaluation of in vitro release and in vivo blood concentration-time profiles. Polarized images and small angle X-ray scattering analysis were used to confirm the presence of NLLC structures by contacting the prepared formulation with water. In addition, LA release and blood concentration-time profiles were investigated using in vitro and in vivo experiments, respectively. In situ NLLC constructed formulations by contacting water were achieved using a ternary mixture of SPC, DOPG, and Span 85. In particular, negative curvature was increased with an increase in the amount of Span 85 in the formulation, and an Fd3m structure was obtained with a sustained release of LA. A maintained blood concentration of LA over 21 days was confirmed by subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of the formulation. No retained administered formulation at the injection site was confirmed 28 days after administration without any signs of irritation, inflammation, or other apparent toxicity confirmed by visual observation. This result may be helpful for the development of a lipid-based formulation of peptides and proteins with sustained drug release.

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Background: Adrenoleukodystrophy is a rare, inherited X-linked disease related to mutations in the ABCD1 gene. Peroxisomal β-oxidation is impaired, underpinning the tissue accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), especially in the central nervous system (i.e., the white matter and axons), adrenal glands, and testes. VLCFA accumulation contributes to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and progressive demyelination, leading to severe neurological sequelae. Though gene therapies and drug development are advancing, dietary management may still play a crucial role in modulating lipid metabolism and mitigating disease progression. Methods: A narrative review of studies published up to May 2025 in major scientific databases was conducted, focusing on biochemical and clinical outcomes, including VLCFA plasma modulation and nutritional status. Results: VLCFA restriction alone has shown limited efficacy due to the counteractive effect of endogenous synthesis. "Lorenzo's Oil" inhibits VLCFA elongation, yet with inconsistent clinical benefits. Novel dietary strategies, such as the "Bambino Diet" and innovative dietary supplements similar to Lorenzo's Oil, composed of glyceryl trioleate, glyceryl trierucate, and antioxidants, provide promising biochemical effects, such as reducing VLCFA plasma levels and improving lipid profiles. Malnutrition risk is also increased in X-ALD patients, underscoring the need for personalized nutritional interventions. Conclusions: Dietary strategies are one of the pillars of X-ALD management, to be further combined with pharmacological, gene therapies, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Future research should refine emerging therapies, assess long-term effects, and develop personalized nutritional strategies.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Glycerol-(9,10-trioxolane) trioleate (OTOA) is a promising material that combines good plasticizing properties for PLA with profound antimicrobial activity, which makes it suitable for application in state-of-the-art biomedical and packaging materials with added functionality. In this study, the biodegradation kinetics of PLA + OTOA mixed films under soil conditions was assessed over 180 days. Structural and morphological changes that occurred on the surface and in the volume of the films during degradation were scrutinized using DSC, X-ray diffraction, IR, and UV spectroscopy. Morphological changes were assessed using optical and confocal microscopes. The different behavior of the PLA + OTOA blend films during decomposition in soil is explained by their structure and the rate of release of antibacterial OTOA from the PLA matrix. The decomposition rate constants were determined for all films, where kd for PLA samples is 28 µm·year-1, for samples containing 10% and 30% OTOA kd is 2 µm·year-1, and for PLA + 50% OTOA samples kd = 34 µm·year-1. This is explained by changes in the structure and degree of crystallinity of materials during the process of aging in the soil. These results clarify the biodegradation processes of biomaterials containing antibacterial agents in their structure.

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Cold-active lipolytic enzymes enable low-temperature biocatalysis, but remain underexplored in Antarctic actinomycetes. Here, we report the discovery and first-step characterization of a CALB-like cold-active lipolytic enzyme (PanLip) from Pseudonocardia antarctica. Sequence and structure analyses revealed a canonical α/β-hydrolase fold with a conserved Ser-Asp-His triad and short helical elements around the pocket reminiscent of CALB's α5/α10 lid. Mature PanLip was expressed primarily as inclusion bodies in E. coli; an N-terminally truncation (PanLipΔN) improved solubility and PanLipΔN was purified by Ni-NTA. Far-UV CD confirmed a folded α/β architecture. PanLipΔN favored short-chain substrates (p-NPA, kcat/KM = 2.4 × 105 M-1·s-1) but also showed measurable hydrolytic activity toward natural triglycerides, consistently with a lipase-family esterase. The enzyme showed an activity optimum near 25 °C and pH 8.0. The enzyme tolerated low salt (maximal at 0.1 M NaCl), mild glycerol, and selected organic solvents (notably n-hexane), but was inhibited by high salt, Triton X-100, and SDS. AlphaFold predicted high local confidence for the catalytic core; DALI placed PanLip closest to fungal lipases (AFLB/CALB). Temperature-series MD and CABS-flex indicated enhanced surface breathing and flexible segments adjacent to the active site-including a region topologically matching CALB α10-supporting a flexibility-assisted access mechanism at low temperature. Structure-based MSAs did not support a cold adaptation role for the reported VDLPGRS motif. Taken together, these findings position PanLip as a promising cold-active catalyst with CALB-like access control and potential for low-temperature biocatalysis.

Abstract licence: CC BY