Glycerol phenylbutyrate 1.1g/ml oral liquid
Requires a prescription from a doctor or prescriber
Glycerol phenylbutyrate is a nitrogen-binding agent.
Official documents, adverse reaction reporting, and safety monitoring
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Safety monitoring data
Yellow Card reports
The MHRA Yellow Card scheme collects reports of suspected side effects from healthcare professionals and patients. View the Drug Analysis Profile (iDAP) for real-world adverse reaction data.
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Suspected adverse reactions reported for Glycerol phenylbutyrate
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Data from the MHRA Yellow Card scheme. A reported reaction does not necessarily mean the medicine caused it. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
EudraVigilance
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) collects suspected adverse reaction reports from across the EU/EEA through the EudraVigilance system. Search for safety data on this medicine.
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Suspected adverse reactions reported for Glycerol phenylbutyrate
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EudraVigilance data is published by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). A suspected adverse reaction is not necessarily caused by the medicine.
1 branded products available
MHRA licensed products
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Ravicti 1.1g/ml oral liquid
WHO defined daily dose (DDD)
15 gram
Not a recommended dose. The DDD is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults. It is a statistical measure used for research and comparison purposes only.
Source: WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, distributed via the NHS dm+d supplementary BNF/ATC mapping files (NHSBSA). Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Therapeutically similar medicines
Similarity is based on WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and on a factual NHS dm+d therapeutic-grouping code prefix. Source data: NHS dm+d via TRUD (OGL v3.0), WHO ATC/DDD Index.
NHS prescribing volume and spending trends
Check stock at pharmacies and supply information
Pharmacy stock checkers
Search for this medicine at major UK pharmacy chains. These links open the retailer's own website — results depend on their current online catalogue.
Supply & safety information
Official UK regulator monitoring and safety alerts
Pharmacy links redirect to the retailer's own search and do not represent real-time stock levels. Shortage and safety information sourced from MHRA drug safety updates (gov.uk, Crown Copyright under OGL v3.0).
Codes for healthcare professionals and prescribing systems
These codes are used by healthcare IT systems and prescribers to identify this medicine.
NHS UK identifiers
Browse tools
SNOMED CT and dm+d codes from NHS TRUD (Technology Reference data Update Distribution), licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. BNF code shown is the factual mapping value distributed by NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA) in the dm+d supplementary file under OGL v3.0; it is not affiliated with, nor licensed from, the publishers of the British National Formulary. ATC codes from the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (whocc.no).
Active and completed clinical studies from ClinicalTrials.gov
Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Data accessed via ClinicalTrials.gov API v2. Trial information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.
Academic studies and reviews for this medicine's active substance
Showing the 50 most relevant studies.
Reviews & meta-analyses: 16 · Randomised trials: 4 · 1997–2025
Showing the 50 most relevant studies, sorted by most relevant.
M. Monteiro, C. L. Kugelmeier, Rafael Sanaiotte Pinheiro, et al.
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018
G. Dodekatos, Stefan Schünemann, H. Tüysüz
ACS Catalysis, 2018
Mathias Klein, Steve Swinnen, J. Thevelein, et al.
Environmental microbiology, 2017
L. Kumar, S. K. Yellapu, R. Tyagi, et al.
Bioresource technology, 2019
Wen Tang, Dihui Cai, Yongfei Song, et al.
Medicine, 2025
Background: To determine the efficacy of 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PB) or sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (SPB) in treating diseases caused by genetic mutations. Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE for studies of patients with genetic mutations treated with 4-PB or SPB. All data were tested using RStudio software. Results: 4-PB or SPB corrected the “functional” production of mutant genes (0.88 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 0.73–1.00], P = .45, I 2 = 0%), restored mRNA transcription of mutant genes (0.50 [95% CI: 0.18–0.82], P = .13, I² = 47%), and improved symptoms (0.89 [95% CI: 0.78–1.00], P = .99, I² = 0%) and biochemical laboratory values (1.00 [95% CI: 0.89–1.00], P = .11, I² = 33%) in patients with inherited genetic diseases. Conclusion: 4-PB or SPB can be used to treat genetic diseases. However, they must be validated in high-quality randomized controlled trials before clinical use.
Abstract licence: CC BY-NC 4.0
U. Nda-Umar, I. Ramli, Y. Taufiq-Yap, et al.
Catalysts, 2018
Chaitanya Reddy Chilakamarry, A. M. Sakinah, A. Zularisam, et al.
Systems Microbiology and Biomanufacturing, 2021
S. Verma, Shawn Lu, P. Kenis
Nature Energy, 2019
J. Tarique, S. M. Sapuan, A. Khalina
Scientific Reports, 2021
S. Paganoni, E. Macklin, S. Hendrix, et al.
The New England journal of medicine, 2020
Sources: aggregated from Europe PMC (EMBL-EBI), OpenAlex, Crossref, PubMed and other open scholarly databases. Retracted articles are excluded. Study information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.
Pharmacology and chemical data from DrugBank
Key facts
Drug status
Approved
Major interactions
None known
Half-life
Not available
Mechanism
The toxic accumulation of ammonia in the blood and brain arise from urea cycle d…
Food interactions
1 warning
Human targets
None mapped
Data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Pharmacokinetics at a glance
Absorption
2.9 mL
Protein binding
80.6%
PAA = 37.1% to 65.6%;
PAGN = 7% to 12%.
Metabolism
Elimination
68.9%
Pharmacokinetic data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Known interactions with other medications. Always consult a healthcare professional.
Showing 50 of 1122 interactions
How the body processes this drug — absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
Tmax: PBA = 2 hours; PAA = 4 hours; PAGN = 4 hours.
Cmax: PBA = 37.0 µg/mL; PAA = 14.9 µg/mL; PAGN = 30.2 µg/mL.
In healthy subjects, the hydrolysis of glycerol phenylbutyrate is incomplete, but to what extent is unknown.
When glycerol phenylbutyrate is given to adult UCD patients, maximum plasma concentrations at steady state (Cmaxss) of PBA, PAA, and PAGN occurred at 8 h, 12 h, and 10 h, respectively, after the first dose in the day.
Intact glycerol phenylbutyrate was not detectable in plasma in UCD patients.
PAA = 37.1% to 65.6%;
PAGN = 7% to 12%.
Enzymes involved in drug metabolism — important for understanding drug interactions
ATC A16AX09
Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
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Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
Linked compound data from DrugBank Open Data (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Glycerol phenylbutyrate
Additional database identifiers
Drugs Product Database (DPD)
22705
ChemSpider
8657541
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:9155
GenAtlas
PNLIP
GeneCards
PNLIP
GenBank Gene Database
J05125
GenBank Protein Database
339597
Guide to Pharmacology
2590
UniProt Accession
LIPP_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2637
GenAtlas
CYP3A4
GeneCards
CYP3A4
GenBank Gene Database
M18907
Guide to Pharmacology
1337
UniProt Accession
CP3A4_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2625
GenAtlas
CYP2D6
GeneCards
CYP2D6
GenBank Gene Database
M20403
GenBank Protein Database
181350
Guide to Pharmacology
1329
UniProt Accession
CP2D6_HUMAN
DrugBank citations
If you use DrugBank data in your research, please cite the following publications:
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Structured knowledge from the free knowledge base
ATC classifications (Wikidata)
Linked open data from Wikidata (Q15322709), a free and open knowledge base operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Data is available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication.