Glucose 150mg / Caffeine 30mg tablets

Anxiety and depression are the most prevalent mental illnesses in the contemporary world. Several animal models have been developed to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders and the effect of drugs in modulating the associated behavioral responses. Neuroinflammation has been related to mood disorders. Caffeine is a psychoactive substance that acts as a nonspecific blocker of adenosine receptors. Adenosine receptors are present in neurons and glial cells in different brain areas that are involved in controlling anxiety and depression. However, depending on the context, caffeine can exacerbate or inhibit neuroinflammation and behavioral responses associated with these conditions. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of caffeine and related xanthines on neuroinflammation observed in rodent models of anxiety and depression. A systematic database search (PROSPERO CRD42024517989) returned 17 eligible studies, separated based on the animal model. Most of the analyzed studies revealed that caffeine led to a beneficial effect, mitigating anxiety and depressive-like behaviors and possible cognitive impairments induced by stress. In addition, it also reversed oxidative damage and neuroinflammation by reducing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ß, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 and inhibiting glial cell activation. Together, these data reveal a robust effect of caffeine in alleviating symptoms for individuals with these disorders, even though the doses and routes of caffeine administration were highly variable among eligible studies. In addition, they advance the identification of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these effects.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND

To assess available evidence on the association between anxiety and caffeine consumption in healthy individuals. A high-sensitivity electronic search was performed, as recommended by the Cochrane Handbook, which underwent peer review according to the PRESS Guide, in March 2021 in the following databases: Cochrane Library, MEDLINE via PUBMED, LILACS via VHL, APA PsycNet, EMBASE, Scielo, Scopus, Web Of Science and Cinahl. There were no idiomatic or temporal restrictions regarding the studies obtained. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the articles were evaluated in a paired manner by two review authors for risk of bias and quality of evidence using the ROB-II tool. Statistical analysis was conducted using R version 1.4.1106 with a fixed-effect model, but the specific statistical tests applied were not detailed. 6999 studies were located, of which 6972 were excluded following the PRISMA protocol, leaving 27 articles at the end. The findings indicate a dose-dependent anxiogenic effect of caffeine. However, variations were observed between individuals with low and high habitual caffeine consumption prior to the intervention. Additionally, evidence suggests that caffeine-induced insomnia may have contributed to increased anxiety in the study population. In general, the findings of the present study were predominantly in favor of caffeine associated with increased anxiety symptoms.

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Background/Objectives: Caffeine is a well-established ergogenic aid for endurance performance. However, the optimal intake strategy, specifically the administration method and dosage, remains uncertain. This systematic review and network meta-analysis compared the effectiveness of different caffeine administration methods and dosages on time-trial performance. Methods: A systematic review and network meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus was conducted up to July 2025. Eligible studies were independently screened and quality-assessed by two reviewers. Pairwise and network meta-analyses were conducted to examine the effects of caffeine administration methods (e.g., capsules/tablets, gum, mouth rinse) and dosages (low: ≤3 mg/kg; moderate: 4-6 mg/kg) on time-trial performance. Results: Forty-eight studies with 612 participants were included. Low-dose capsules most effectively reduced completion time (standardized mean differences [SMD] = -0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.62, -0.06), followed by moderate-dose capsules (SMD = -0.31; 95% CI: -0.45, -0.17) and moderate-dose gum (SMD = -0.30; 95% CI: -0.57, -0.02). Low-dose capsules also had the highest probability of improving mean power output (SMD = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.67), with moderate-dose capsules ranking second (SMD = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.48). Conclusions: This systematic review and network meta-analysis identified low-dose caffeine capsules (≈3 mg/kg) as the most effective strategy for improving time-trial performance, with moderate-dose capsules and gum serving as viable alternatives. While these findings provide robust, actionable evidence for practitioners, meaningful inter-individual variability persists. Accordingly, future studies should integrate deeper mechanistic profiling (e.g., genetics and body composition) to advance personalized, evidence-based caffeine supplementation for athletes.

Abstract licence: CC BY

ObjectiveThis systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of caffeine (CAF) on high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) performance and examined potential moderators.MethodsSeveral databases were searched for studies of CAF on HIIE performance. Pooled effects were calculated using Hedge's g (g) via a three-level random-effects meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses were performed based on sex, training status, CAF dose, CAF form, and interval type. A meta-regression analysis was conducted to investigate the potential moderating effect of the rest/work ratio on HIIE performance.ResultsTwenty studies were included (n = 320; 57 females). CAF significantly improved HIIE performance (g = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.14 to 0.43), concurrently elevating blood lactate (g = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.22 to 0.79) and glucose (g = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.17 to 0.96). Subgroup analyses demonstrated significant improvements across all sexes (g = 0.30-0.34), trained athletes (g = 0.44), CAF dose (low and moderate) (g = 0.28-0.33), CAF form (capsule and beverage) (g = 0.32-0.33), and HIIE protocol (repeated short sprints and short intervals) (g = 0.16-0.36), with no subgroup differences (all p > 0.05). The rest/work ratio was a significant moderator of HIIE performance (β2  = 0.003, p = 0.017).ConclusionCAF ingestion significantly enhances HIIE performance, with ergogenic benefits observed across both sexes and trained athletes. Effective ergogenic benefits can be achieved with a low dose (~3 mg/kg), administered as a capsule or beverage. Notably, meta-regression indicates that the rest/work ratio is a critical moderator of HIIE performance, with evidence of a nonlinear association.

Abstract licence: CC BY