Furosemide 4.5mg/5ml oral solution
Prescription only
Requires a prescription from a doctor or prescriber
Oral solution
4.5mg/5ml
Oral
Furosemide is a potent loop diuretic that acts on the kidneys to ultimately increase water loss from the body.
Active ingredients:
Furosemide
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Official documents, adverse reaction reporting, and safety monitoring
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Official medicine documents
Source: MHRA Products DatabaseOGL 3.0
Updated 3 months ago(16 Jan 2026)Safety monitoring data
Yellow Card reports
MHRA
The MHRA Yellow Card scheme collects reports of suspected side effects from healthcare professionals and patients. View the Drug Analysis Profile (iDAP) for real-world adverse reaction data.
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Data from the MHRA Yellow Card scheme. A reported reaction does not necessarily mean the medicine caused it. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
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WHO defined daily dose (DDD)
40 mg
Not a recommended dose. The DDD is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults. It is a statistical measure used for research and comparison purposes only.
Source: WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, distributed via NHS dm+d BNF mapping files. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
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Same therapeutic group
Similarity based on WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and NHS BNF section grouping. Source data: NHS dm+d via TRUD (OGL v3.0), WHO ATC/DDD Index.
NHS prescribing volume and spending trends
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Clinical guidelines and formulary information
British National Formulary
Furosemide
BNF
Drug monograph — bnf.nice.org.ukSource: British National Formulary, NICE. Joint Formulary Committee. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
NICE clinical guidance(2)
Lower urinary tract symptoms in men: management (CG97)
CG97
Clinical guideline
Updated Jun 2015Dapagliflozin for treating chronic heart failure with preserved or mildly reduced ejection fraction (TA902)
TA902
Technology appraisal
Updated Jun 2023Source: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
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Supply & product information
Official product databases and supply status monitoring
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Codes for healthcare professionals and prescribing systems
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These codes are used by healthcare IT systems and prescribers to identify this medicine.
NHS UK identifiers
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SNOMED CT and dm+d codes from NHS TRUD (Technology Reference data Update Distribution), licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. BNF codes from NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA). ATC codes from the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (whocc.no).
Active and completed clinical studies from ClinicalTrials.gov
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Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Data accessed via ClinicalTrials.gov API v2. Trial information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.
Pharmacology and chemical data from DrugBank
Key facts
Drug status
Approved
Major interactions
75 found
Half-life
4 hours
Mechanism
Furosemide promotes diuresis by blocking tubular reabsorption of sodium and chlo…
Food interactions
3 warnings
Human targets
3 targets
Data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Pharmacokinetics at a glance
Absorption
10 to 90%
Following oral administration, furosemide is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
[L9659]…
[L9659]…
Half-life
40 mg
The half-life from the dose of 40 mg furosemide was 4 hours following oral administration and 4.5…
Protein binding
91-99%
Plasma concentrations ranging from 1 to 400 mcg/mL are about 91-99% bound in healthy individuals.…
Volume of distribution
40 mg
The volume of distribution following intravenous administration of 40 mg furosemide were 0.181…
Metabolism
85%
The metabolism of furosemide occurs mainly in the kidneys and the liver, to a smaller extent.…
Elimination
85%
The kidneys are responsible for 85% of total furosemide total clearance, where about 43% of the drug undergoes renal excretion.
[A183563]…
[A183563]…
Clearance
400 mg
Following intravenous administration of 400 mg furosemide, the plasma clearance was 1.23…
Pharmacokinetic data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Status:
Approved
Investigational
Vet approved
Small molecule
About this compound
Furosemide is a potent loop diuretic that acts on the kidneys to ultimately increase water loss from the body. It is an anthranilic acid derivative.[L7958] Furosemide is used for edema secondary to various clinical conditions, such as congestive heart failure exacerbation, liver failure, renal failure, and high blood pressure.[L7961] It mainly works by inhibiting electrolyte reabsorption from the kidneys and enhancing the excretion of water from the body. Furosemide has a fast onset and short duration of action and has been used safely and effectively in both pediatric and adult patients.[A182495] The use of furosemide is particularly beneficial in clinical settings that require a drug with a higher diuretic potential. In addition to oral formulations, the solution for intravenous and intramuscular administration is also available, which is typically limited to patients who are unable to take oral medication or for patients in emergency clinical situations.[L7958]
Properties:
solid
Avg. mass: 330.74 Da
DrugBank indication
Furosemide is indicated for the treatment of edema associated with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, and renal disease, including the nephrotic syndrome, in adults and pediatric patients.
[L7958][L54151]
Oral furosemide is indicated alone for the management of mild to moderate hypertension or severe hypertension in combination with other antihypertensive medications.
[L9659]
Intravenous furosemide is indicated as adjunctive therapy in acute pulmonary edema when a rapid onset of diuresis is desired.
[L7958]
Subcutaneous furosemide is indicated for the treatment of congestion due to fluid overload in adults with NYHA Class II/III chronic heart failure. This drug formulation is not indicated for emergency situations or in patients with acute pulmonary edema.
[L43408]
[L7958][L54151]
Oral furosemide is indicated alone for the management of mild to moderate hypertension or severe hypertension in combination with other antihypertensive medications.
[L9659]
Intravenous furosemide is indicated as adjunctive therapy in acute pulmonary edema when a rapid onset of diuresis is desired.
[L7958]
Subcutaneous furosemide is indicated for the treatment of congestion due to fluid overload in adults with NYHA Class II/III chronic heart failure. This drug formulation is not indicated for emergency situations or in patients with acute pulmonary edema.
[L43408]
Also known as(76)
2-Furfurylamino-4-chloro-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid
4-Chloro-5-sulfamoyl-N-furfuryl-anthranilic acid
4-Chloro-N-(2-furylmethyl)-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid
4-Chloro-N-furfuryl-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid
Frusemide
Furosemid
Furosemida
Furosemide
Dosage forms(103)
Kit (Oral; Topical)
Tablet (Oral) — 20 mg
Tablet (Oral) — 40.000 mg
Solution (Parenteral) — 20.000 mg
Tablet (Oral) — 40 mg
Solution — 10 mg/1ml
Solution (Parenteral) — 10 mg/1ml
Tablet (Oral) — 20.000 MG
Molecular properties(19)
Drug interactions(1546)
Known interactions with other medications. Always consult a healthcare professional.
Duloxetine
Major
The risk or severity of orthostatic hypotension and syncope can be increased when Furosemide is combined with Duloxetine.
The risk or severity of hypotension and orthostatic hypotension can be increased when Furosemide is combined with Levodopa.
Alfuzosin may increase the hypotensive activities of Furosemide.
Amifostine
Moderate
Furosemide may increase the hypotensive activities of Amifostine.
Diazoxide may increase the hypotensive activities of Furosemide.
Methylphenidate
Moderate
Methylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Dexmethylphenidate
Moderate
Dexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Obinutuzumab
Moderate
Furosemide may increase the hypotensive activities of Obinutuzumab.
Pentoxifylline
Moderate
Pentoxifylline may increase the hypotensive activities of Furosemide.
Furosemide may increase the hypotensive activities of Rituximab.
Thioridazine
Moderate
Thioridazine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Isoflurane
Moderate
Isoflurane may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Halothane may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Desflurane
Moderate
Desflurane may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Sevoflurane
Moderate
Sevoflurane may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Rotigotine
Moderate
Rotigotine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Isoxsuprine
Moderate
Isoxsuprine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Bethanidine
Moderate
Bethanidine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Guanabenz may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Tolazoline
Moderate
Tolazoline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Phenoxybenzamine
Moderate
Phenoxybenzamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Indoramin may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Moxonidine
Moderate
Moxonidine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Rilmenidine
Moderate
Rilmenidine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Naftopidil
Moderate
Naftopidil may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Urapidil may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Phentermine
Moderate
Phentermine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Midodrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Eletriptan
Moderate
Eletriptan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Methysergide
Moderate
Methysergide may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Cabergoline
Moderate
Cabergoline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Zolmitriptan
Moderate
Zolmitriptan may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Dihydroergotamine
Moderate
Dihydroergotamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Protriptyline
Moderate
Protriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Methylergometrine
Moderate
Methylergometrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Mirtazapine
Moderate
Mirtazapine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Phenylephrine
Moderate
Phenylephrine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Promazine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Droperidol
Moderate
Droperidol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Nortriptyline
Moderate
Nortriptyline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Amoxapine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Doxapram may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Atropine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Lisuride may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Metaraminol
Moderate
Metaraminol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Trazodone may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Ergotamine
Moderate
Ergotamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Nicergoline
Moderate
Nicergoline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Methoxamine
Moderate
Methoxamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Trimipramine
Moderate
Trimipramine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Furosemide.
Showing 50 of 1546 interactions
Food & lifestyle interactions
Avoid Alcohol
Avoid excessive or chronic alcohol consumption. Alcohol increases the risk of orthostatic hypotension.
Advice
Avoid natural licorice. Avoid licorice in large amounts, as it may lead to hypokalemia.
Advice
Increase consumption of potassium-rich foods. This medication may cause potassium depletion. Foods containing potassium include bananas and orange juice.
Toxicity & overdose
Clinical consequences from overdose depend on the extent of electrolyte and fluid loss and include dehydration, blood volume reduction, hypotension, electrolyte imbalance, hypokalemia, hypochloremic alkalosis,[L7958] hemoconcentration, cardiac arrhythmias (including A-V block and ventricular fibrillation).
[L9659]
Symptoms of overdose include acute renal failure, thrombosis, delirious states, flaccid paralysis, apathy and confusion. In cirrhotic patients, overdosage might precipitate hepatic coma.
[L9659]
In rats, the oral LD50, intraperitoneal LD50, and subcutaneous LD50 is 2600 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg, and 4600 mg/kg, respectively. The Lowest published toxic dose (TDLo) in a female is 6250 μg/kg.
[L7964]
[L9659]
Symptoms of overdose include acute renal failure, thrombosis, delirious states, flaccid paralysis, apathy and confusion. In cirrhotic patients, overdosage might precipitate hepatic coma.
[L9659]
In rats, the oral LD50, intraperitoneal LD50, and subcutaneous LD50 is 2600 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg, and 4600 mg/kg, respectively. The Lowest published toxic dose (TDLo) in a female is 6250 μg/kg.
[L7964]
How it works
Mechanism of action
Furosemide promotes diuresis by blocking tubular reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the proximal and distal tubules, as well as in the thick ascending loop of Henle. This diuretic effect is achieved through the competitive inhibition of sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporters (NKCC2) expressed along these tubules in the nephron, preventing the transport of sodium ions from the lumenal side into the basolateral side for reabsorption. This inhibition results in increased excretion of water along with sodium, chloride, magnesium, calcium, hydrogen, and potassium ions.[L7961] As with other loop diuretics, furosemide decreases the excretion of uric acid.T28
Furosemide exerts direct vasodilatory effects, which results in its therapeutic effectiveness in the treatment of acute pulmonary edema. Vasodilation leads to reduced responsiveness to vasoconstrictors, such as angiotensin II and noradrenaline, and decreased production of endogenous natriuretic hormones with vasoconstricting properties. It also leads to increased production of prostaglandins with vasodilating properties. Furosemide may also open potassium channels in resistance arteries.T28 The main mechanism of action of furosemide is independent of its inhibitory effect on carbonic anhydrase and aldosterone.[L7958]
Furosemide exerts direct vasodilatory effects, which results in its therapeutic effectiveness in the treatment of acute pulmonary edema. Vasodilation leads to reduced responsiveness to vasoconstrictors, such as angiotensin II and noradrenaline, and decreased production of endogenous natriuretic hormones with vasoconstricting properties. It also leads to increased production of prostaglandins with vasodilating properties. Furosemide may also open potassium channels in resistance arteries.T28 The main mechanism of action of furosemide is independent of its inhibitory effect on carbonic anhydrase and aldosterone.[L7958]
Pharmacodynamics
Furosemide manages hypertension and edema associated with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, and renal disease, including the nephrotic syndrome. Furosemide is a potent loop diuretic that works to increase the excretion of Na+ and water by the kidneys by inhibiting their reabsorption from the proximal and distal tubules, as well as the loop of Henle.[L7958] It works directly acts on the cells of the nephron and indirectly modifies the content of the renal filtrate.T28 Ultimately, furosemide increases the urine output by the kidney. Protein-bound furosemide is delivered to its site of action in the kidneys and secreted via active secretion by nonspecific organic transporters expressed at the luminal site of action.[A31831][L7958]
Following oral administration, the onset of the diuretic effect is about 1 and 1.5 hours [L7958], and the peak effect is reached within the first 2 hours.[L7961] The duration of effect following oral administration is about 4-6 hours but may last up to 8 hours.[L9659] Following intravenous administration, the onset of effect is within 5 minutes, and the peak effect is reached within 30 minutes. The duration of action following intravenous administration is approximately 2 hours. Following intramuscular administration, the onset of action is somewhat delayed.[L7958]
Following oral administration, the onset of the diuretic effect is about 1 and 1.5 hours [L7958], and the peak effect is reached within the first 2 hours.[L7961] The duration of effect following oral administration is about 4-6 hours but may last up to 8 hours.[L9659] Following intravenous administration, the onset of effect is within 5 minutes, and the peak effect is reached within 30 minutes. The duration of action following intravenous administration is approximately 2 hours. Following intramuscular administration, the onset of action is somewhat delayed.[L7958]
Pharmacokinetics
How the body processes this drug — absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
Absorption
Following oral administration, furosemide is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
[L9659]
It displays variable bioavailability from oral dosage forms, ranging from 10 to 90%.
[A31831]
The oral bioavailability of furosemide from oral tablets or oral solution is about 64% and 60%, respectively, of that from an intravenous injection of the drug.
[L7958]
[L9659]
It displays variable bioavailability from oral dosage forms, ranging from 10 to 90%.
[A31831]
The oral bioavailability of furosemide from oral tablets or oral solution is about 64% and 60%, respectively, of that from an intravenous injection of the drug.
[L7958]
Half-life
The half-life from the dose of 40 mg furosemide was 4 hours following oral administration and 4.5 hours following intravenous administration. The terminal half-life of furosemide is approximately 2 hours following parenteral administration.
[L7958]
The terminal half-life may be increased up to 24 hours in patients with severe renal failure.
[L9659]
[L7958]
The terminal half-life may be increased up to 24 hours in patients with severe renal failure.
[L9659]
Protein binding
Plasma concentrations ranging from 1 to 400 mcg/mL are about 91-99% bound in healthy individuals. The unbound fraction is about 2.3-4.1% at therapeutic concentrations.
[L9659]
Furosemide mainly binds to serum albumin.
[L7958]
[L9659]
Furosemide mainly binds to serum albumin.
[L7958]
Volume of distribution
The volume of distribution following intravenous administration of 40 mg furosemide were 0.181 L/kg in healthy subjects and 0.140 L/kg in patients with heart failure.
[A188838]
[A188838]
Metabolism
The metabolism of furosemide occurs mainly in the kidneys and the liver, to a smaller extent. The kidneys are responsible for about 85% of total furosemide total clearance, where about 40% involves biotransformation.
[A183563]
Two major metabolites of furosemide are furosemide glucuronide, which is pharmacologically active, and saluamine (CSA) or 4-chloro-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid.
[A183281]
[A183563]
Two major metabolites of furosemide are furosemide glucuronide, which is pharmacologically active, and saluamine (CSA) or 4-chloro-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid.
[A183281]
Route of elimination
The kidneys are responsible for 85% of total furosemide total clearance, where about 43% of the drug undergoes renal excretion.
[A183563]
Significantly more furosemide is excreted in urine following the I.V. injection than after the tablet or oral solution. Approximately 50% of the furosemide load is excreted unchanged in urine, and the rest is metabolized into glucuronide in the kidney.
[A31831]
[A183563]
Significantly more furosemide is excreted in urine following the I.V. injection than after the tablet or oral solution. Approximately 50% of the furosemide load is excreted unchanged in urine, and the rest is metabolized into glucuronide in the kidney.
[A31831]
Clearance
Following intravenous administration of 400 mg furosemide, the plasma clearance was 1.23 mL/kg/min in patients with heart failure and 2.34 mL/kg/min in healthy subjects, respectively.
[A188838]
[A188838]
Drug targets(3)
Proteins and enzymes this drug interacts with in the body
Solute carrier family 12 member 1
SLC12A1
inhibitor
Specific functionsodium
Cellular location
Apical cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Renal sodium, potassium and chloride ion cotransporter that mediates the transepithelial NaCl reabsorption in the thick ascending limb and plays an essential role in the urinary concentration and volume regulation .
PMID:21321328
Electrically silent transporter system (By similarity)
PMID:21321328
Electrically silent transporter system (By similarity)
Carbonic anhydrase 2
CA2
inhibitor
Specific functionarylesterase activity
Cellular location
Cytoplasm
General function & pharmacology
Catalyzes the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide .
PMID:11327835 PMID:11802772 PMID:11831900 PMID:12056894 PMID:12171926 PMID:1336460 PMID:14736236 PMID:15300855 PMID:15453828 PMID:15667203 PMID:15865431 PMID:16106378 PMID:16214338 PMID:16290146 PMID:16686544 PMID:16759856 PMID:16807956 PMID:17127057 PMID:17251017 PMID:17314045 PMID:17330962 PMID:17346964 PMID:17540563 PMID:17588751 PMID:17705204 PMID:18024029 PMID:18162396 PMID:18266323 PMID:18374572 PMID:18481843 PMID:18618712 PMID:18640037 PMID:18942852 PMID:1909891 PMID:1910042 PMID:19170619 PMID:19186056 PMID:19206230 PMID:19520834 PMID:19778001 PMID:7761440 PMID:7901850 PMID:8218160 PMID:8262987 PMID:8399159 PMID:8451242 PMID:8485129 PMID:8639494 PMID:9265618 PMID:9398308
Can also hydrate cyanamide to urea .
PMID:10550681 PMID:11015219
Stimulates the chloride-bicarbonate exchange activity of SLC26A6 .
PMID:15990874
Essential for bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation .
PMID:15300855
Involved in the regulation of fluid secretion into the anterior chamber of the eye. Contributes to intracellular pH regulation in the duodenal upper villous epithelium during proton-coupled peptide absorption
PMID:11327835 PMID:11802772 PMID:11831900 PMID:12056894 PMID:12171926 PMID:1336460 PMID:14736236 PMID:15300855 PMID:15453828 PMID:15667203 PMID:15865431 PMID:16106378 PMID:16214338 PMID:16290146 PMID:16686544 PMID:16759856 PMID:16807956 PMID:17127057 PMID:17251017 PMID:17314045 PMID:17330962 PMID:17346964 PMID:17540563 PMID:17588751 PMID:17705204 PMID:18024029 PMID:18162396 PMID:18266323 PMID:18374572 PMID:18481843 PMID:18618712 PMID:18640037 PMID:18942852 PMID:1909891 PMID:1910042 PMID:19170619 PMID:19186056 PMID:19206230 PMID:19520834 PMID:19778001 PMID:7761440 PMID:7901850 PMID:8218160 PMID:8262987 PMID:8399159 PMID:8451242 PMID:8485129 PMID:8639494 PMID:9265618 PMID:9398308
Can also hydrate cyanamide to urea .
PMID:10550681 PMID:11015219
Stimulates the chloride-bicarbonate exchange activity of SLC26A6 .
PMID:15990874
Essential for bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation .
PMID:15300855
Involved in the regulation of fluid secretion into the anterior chamber of the eye. Contributes to intracellular pH regulation in the duodenal upper villous epithelium during proton-coupled peptide absorption
G-protein coupled receptor 35
GPR35
agonist
Specific functionC-X-C chemokine receptor activity
Cellular location
Cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
G-protein coupled receptor that binds to several ligands including the tryptophan metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) or 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) with high affinity, leading to rapid and transient activation of numerous intracellular signaling pathways .
PMID:16754668 PMID:20361937 PMID:35148838
Plays a role in neutrophil recruitment to sites of inflammation and bacterial clearance through the major serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA that acts as a physiological ligand .
PMID:35148838
Stimulates lipid metabolism, thermogenic, and anti-inflammatory gene expression in adipose tissue once activated by kynurenic acid (By similarity). In macrophages, activation by lysophosphatidic acid promotes GPR35-induced signaling with a distinct transcriptional profile characterized by TNF production associated with ERK and NF-kappa-B activation. In turn, induces chemotaxis of macrophages (By similarity)
PMID:16754668 PMID:20361937 PMID:35148838
Plays a role in neutrophil recruitment to sites of inflammation and bacterial clearance through the major serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA that acts as a physiological ligand .
PMID:35148838
Stimulates lipid metabolism, thermogenic, and anti-inflammatory gene expression in adipose tissue once activated by kynurenic acid (By similarity). In macrophages, activation by lysophosphatidic acid promotes GPR35-induced signaling with a distinct transcriptional profile characterized by TNF production associated with ERK and NF-kappa-B activation. In turn, induces chemotaxis of macrophages (By similarity)
Metabolizing enzymes(2)
Enzymes involved in drug metabolism — important for understanding drug interactions
Enzyme activity key
substrate
inhibitor
inducer
PGD6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating
inhibitor
UGT1A1UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1
substrate
Transporters(6)
Proteins that transport this drug across cell membranes
Solute carrier family 22 member 6
SLC22A6
inhibitor
inducer
Specific functionalpha-ketoglutarate transmembrane transporter activity
Cellular location
Basolateral cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Secondary active transporter that functions as a Na(+)-independent organic anion (OA)/dicarboxylate antiporter where the uptake of one molecule of OA into the cell is coupled with an efflux of one molecule of intracellular dicarboxylate such as 2-oxoglutarate or glutarate .
PMID:11669456 PMID:11907186 PMID:14675047 PMID:22108572 PMID:23832370 PMID:28534121 PMID:9950961
Mediates the uptake of OA across the basolateral side of proximal tubule epithelial cells, thereby contributing to the renal elimination of endogenous OA from the systemic circulation into the urine .
PMID:9887087
Functions as a biopterin transporters involved in the uptake and the secretion of coenzymes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and sepiapterin to urine, thereby determining baseline levels of blood biopterins .
PMID:28534121
Transports prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) and may contribute to their renal excretion .
PMID:11907186
Also mediates the uptake of cyclic nucleotides such as cAMP and cGMP .
PMID:26377792
Involved in the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites kynurenate (KYNA) and xanthurenate (XA) and may contribute to their secretion from the brain .
PMID:22108572 PMID:23832370
May transport glutamate .
PMID:26377792
Also involved in the disposition of uremic toxins and potentially toxic xenobiotics by the renal organic anion secretory pathway, helping reduce their undesired toxicological effects on the body .
PMID:11669456 PMID:14675047
Uremic toxins include the indoxyl sulfate (IS), hippurate/N-benzoylglycine (HA), indole acetate (IA), 3-carboxy-4- methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF) and urate .
PMID:14675047 PMID:26377792
Xenobiotics include the mycotoxin ochratoxin (OTA) .
PMID:11669456
May also contribute to the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier PMID:35307651
PMID:11669456 PMID:11907186 PMID:14675047 PMID:22108572 PMID:23832370 PMID:28534121 PMID:9950961
Mediates the uptake of OA across the basolateral side of proximal tubule epithelial cells, thereby contributing to the renal elimination of endogenous OA from the systemic circulation into the urine .
PMID:9887087
Functions as a biopterin transporters involved in the uptake and the secretion of coenzymes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and sepiapterin to urine, thereby determining baseline levels of blood biopterins .
PMID:28534121
Transports prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) and may contribute to their renal excretion .
PMID:11907186
Also mediates the uptake of cyclic nucleotides such as cAMP and cGMP .
PMID:26377792
Involved in the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites kynurenate (KYNA) and xanthurenate (XA) and may contribute to their secretion from the brain .
PMID:22108572 PMID:23832370
May transport glutamate .
PMID:26377792
Also involved in the disposition of uremic toxins and potentially toxic xenobiotics by the renal organic anion secretory pathway, helping reduce their undesired toxicological effects on the body .
PMID:11669456 PMID:14675047
Uremic toxins include the indoxyl sulfate (IS), hippurate/N-benzoylglycine (HA), indole acetate (IA), 3-carboxy-4- methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF) and urate .
PMID:14675047 PMID:26377792
Xenobiotics include the mycotoxin ochratoxin (OTA) .
PMID:11669456
May also contribute to the transport of organic compounds in testes across the blood-testis-barrier PMID:35307651
Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2
SLC22A5
inhibitor
Specific function(R)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activity
Cellular location
Cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine .
PMID:10454528 PMID:10525100 PMID:10966938 PMID:17509700 PMID:20722056 PMID:33124720
Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium.
Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3 .
PMID:10454528 PMID:10525100 PMID:10966938
In intestinal epithelia, transports the quorum-sensing pentapeptide CSF (competence and sporulation factor) from B.subtilis which induces cytoprotective heat shock proteins contributing to intestinal homeostasis .
PMID:18005709
May also contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
PMID:10454528 PMID:10525100 PMID:10966938 PMID:17509700 PMID:20722056 PMID:33124720
Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium.
Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3 .
PMID:10454528 PMID:10525100 PMID:10966938
In intestinal epithelia, transports the quorum-sensing pentapeptide CSF (competence and sporulation factor) from B.subtilis which induces cytoprotective heat shock proteins contributing to intestinal homeostasis .
PMID:18005709
May also contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
Organic anion transporter 3
SLC22A8
inhibitor
Specific functionorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Cellular location
Basolateral cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Functions as an organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger that couples organic anion uptake indirectly to the sodium gradient .
PMID:14586168 PMID:15644426 PMID:15846473 PMID:16455804 PMID:31553721
Transports organic anions such as estrone 3-sulfate (E1S) and urate in exchange for dicarboxylates such as glutarate or ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) .
PMID:14586168 PMID:15846473 PMID:15864504 PMID:22108572 PMID:23832370
Plays an important role in the excretion of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the kidney and the brain .
PMID:11306713 PMID:14586168 PMID:15846473
E1S transport is pH- and chloride-dependent and may also involve E1S/cGMP exchange .
PMID:26377792
Responsible for the transport of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2(alpha) (PGF2(alpha)) in the basolateral side of the renal tubule .
PMID:11907186
Involved in the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites kynurenate and xanthurenate .
PMID:22108572 PMID:23832370
Functions as a biopterin transporters involved in the uptake and the secretion of coenzymes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and sepiapterin to urine, thereby determining baseline levels of blood biopterins .
PMID:28534121
May be involved in the basolateral transport of steviol, a metabolite of the popular sugar substitute stevioside .
PMID:15644426
May participate in the detoxification/ renal excretion of drugs and xenobiotics, such as the histamine H(2)-receptor antagonists fexofenadine and cimetidine, the antibiotic benzylpenicillin (PCG), the anionic herbicide 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), the diagnostic agent p-aminohippurate (PAH), the antiviral acyclovir (ACV), and the mycotoxin ochratoxin (OTA), by transporting these exogenous organic anions across the cell membrane in exchange for dicarboxylates such as 2-oxoglutarate .
PMID:11669456 PMID:15846473 PMID:16455804
Contributes to the renal uptake of potent uremic toxins (indoxyl sulfate (IS), indole acetate (IA), hippurate/N-benzoylglycine (HA) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF)), pravastatin, PCG, E1S and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and is partly involved in the renal uptake of temocaprilat (an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor) .
PMID:14675047
May contribute to the release of cortisol in the adrenals .
PMID:15864504
Involved in one of the detoxification systems on the choroid plexus (CP), removes substrates such as E1S or taurocholate (TC), PCG, 2,4-D and PAH, from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the blood for eventual excretion in urine and bile (By similarity). Also contributes to the uptake of several other organic compounds such as the prostanoids prostaglandin E(2) and prostaglandin F(2-alpha), L-carnitine, and the therapeutic drugs allopurinol, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (By similarity). Mediates the transport of PAH, PCG, and the statins pravastatin and pitavastatin, from the cerebrum into the blood circulation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
In summary, plays a role in the efflux of drugs and xenobiotics, helping reduce their undesired toxicological effects on the body (By similarity)
PMID:14586168 PMID:15644426 PMID:15846473 PMID:16455804 PMID:31553721
Transports organic anions such as estrone 3-sulfate (E1S) and urate in exchange for dicarboxylates such as glutarate or ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) .
PMID:14586168 PMID:15846473 PMID:15864504 PMID:22108572 PMID:23832370
Plays an important role in the excretion of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the kidney and the brain .
PMID:11306713 PMID:14586168 PMID:15846473
E1S transport is pH- and chloride-dependent and may also involve E1S/cGMP exchange .
PMID:26377792
Responsible for the transport of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2(alpha) (PGF2(alpha)) in the basolateral side of the renal tubule .
PMID:11907186
Involved in the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites kynurenate and xanthurenate .
PMID:22108572 PMID:23832370
Functions as a biopterin transporters involved in the uptake and the secretion of coenzymes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and sepiapterin to urine, thereby determining baseline levels of blood biopterins .
PMID:28534121
May be involved in the basolateral transport of steviol, a metabolite of the popular sugar substitute stevioside .
PMID:15644426
May participate in the detoxification/ renal excretion of drugs and xenobiotics, such as the histamine H(2)-receptor antagonists fexofenadine and cimetidine, the antibiotic benzylpenicillin (PCG), the anionic herbicide 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), the diagnostic agent p-aminohippurate (PAH), the antiviral acyclovir (ACV), and the mycotoxin ochratoxin (OTA), by transporting these exogenous organic anions across the cell membrane in exchange for dicarboxylates such as 2-oxoglutarate .
PMID:11669456 PMID:15846473 PMID:16455804
Contributes to the renal uptake of potent uremic toxins (indoxyl sulfate (IS), indole acetate (IA), hippurate/N-benzoylglycine (HA) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF)), pravastatin, PCG, E1S and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and is partly involved in the renal uptake of temocaprilat (an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor) .
PMID:14675047
May contribute to the release of cortisol in the adrenals .
PMID:15864504
Involved in one of the detoxification systems on the choroid plexus (CP), removes substrates such as E1S or taurocholate (TC), PCG, 2,4-D and PAH, from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the blood for eventual excretion in urine and bile (By similarity). Also contributes to the uptake of several other organic compounds such as the prostanoids prostaglandin E(2) and prostaglandin F(2-alpha), L-carnitine, and the therapeutic drugs allopurinol, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (By similarity). Mediates the transport of PAH, PCG, and the statins pravastatin and pitavastatin, from the cerebrum into the blood circulation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
In summary, plays a role in the efflux of drugs and xenobiotics, helping reduce their undesired toxicological effects on the body (By similarity)
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 2
ABCC2
inhibitor
Specific functionABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activity
Cellular location
Apical cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family that binds and hydrolyzes ATP to enable active transport of various substrates including many drugs, toxicants and endogenous compound across cell membranes. Transports a wide variety of conjugated organic anions such as sulfate-, glucuronide- and glutathione (GSH)-conjugates of endo- and xenobiotics substrates .
PMID:10220572 PMID:10421658 PMID:11500505 PMID:16332456
Mediates hepatobiliary excretion of mono- and bis-glucuronidated bilirubin molecules and therefore play an important role in bilirubin detoxification .
PMID:10421658
Also mediates hepatobiliary excretion of others glucuronide conjugates such as 17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid and leukotriene C4 .
PMID:11500505
Transports sulfated bile salt such as taurolithocholate sulfate .
PMID:16332456
Transports various anticancer drugs, such as anthracycline, vinca alkaloid and methotrexate and HIV-drugs such as protease inhibitors .
PMID:10220572 PMID:11500505 PMID:12441801
Confers resistance to several anti-cancer drugs including cisplatin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, methotrexate, etoposide and vincristine PMID:10220572 PMID:11500505
PMID:10220572 PMID:10421658 PMID:11500505 PMID:16332456
Mediates hepatobiliary excretion of mono- and bis-glucuronidated bilirubin molecules and therefore play an important role in bilirubin detoxification .
PMID:10421658
Also mediates hepatobiliary excretion of others glucuronide conjugates such as 17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid and leukotriene C4 .
PMID:11500505
Transports sulfated bile salt such as taurolithocholate sulfate .
PMID:16332456
Transports various anticancer drugs, such as anthracycline, vinca alkaloid and methotrexate and HIV-drugs such as protease inhibitors .
PMID:10220572 PMID:11500505 PMID:12441801
Confers resistance to several anti-cancer drugs including cisplatin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, methotrexate, etoposide and vincristine PMID:10220572 PMID:11500505
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1
SLCO2A1
inhibitor
Specific functionlipid transporter activity
Cellular location
Cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Mediates the transport of prostaglandins (PGs, mainly PGE2, PGE1, PGE3, PGF2alpha, PGD2, PGH2) and thromboxanes (thromboxane B2) across the cell membrane .
PMID:11997326 PMID:26692285 PMID:8787677
PGs and thromboxanes play fundamental roles in diverse functions such as intraocular pressure, gastric acid secretion, renal salt and water transport, vascular tone, and fever .
PMID:15044627
Plays a role in the clearance of PGs from the circulation through cellular uptake, which allows cytoplasmic oxidation and PG signal termination .
PMID:8787677
PG uptake is dependent upon membrane potential and involves exchange of a monovalent anionic substrate (PGs exist physiologically as an anionic monovalent form) with a stoichiometry of 1:1 for divalent anions or of 1:2 for monovalent anions .
PMID:29204966
Uses lactate, generated by glycolysis, as a counter-substrate to mediate PGE2 influx and efflux .
PMID:11997326
Under nonglycolytic conditions, metabolites other than lactate might serve as counter-substrates .
PMID:11997326
Although the mechanism is not clear, this transporter can function in bidirectional mode .
PMID:29204966
When apically expressed in epithelial cells, it facilitates transcellular transport (also called vectorial release), extracting PG from the apical medium and facilitating transport across the cell toward the basolateral side, whereupon the PG exits the cell by simple diffusion (By similarity). In the renal collecting duct, regulates renal Na+ balance by removing PGE2 from apical medium (PGE2 EP4 receptor is likely localized to the luminal/apical membrane and stimulates Na+ resorption) and transporting it toward the basolateral membrane (where PGE2 EP1 and EP3 receptors inhibit Na+ resorption) (By similarity). Plays a role in endometrium during decidualization, increasing uptake of PGs by decidual cells .
PMID:16339169
Involved in critical events for ovulation .
PMID:27169804
Regulates extracellular PGE2 concentration for follicular development in the ovaries (By similarity).
Expressed intracellularly, may contribute to vesicular uptake of newly synthesized intracellular PGs, thereby facilitating exocytotic secretion of PGs without being metabolized (By similarity). Essential core component of the major type of large-conductance anion channel, Maxi-Cl, which plays essential roles in inorganic anion transport, cell volume regulation and release of ATP and glutamate not only in physiological processes but also in pathological processes (By similarity). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
PMID:11997326 PMID:26692285 PMID:8787677
PGs and thromboxanes play fundamental roles in diverse functions such as intraocular pressure, gastric acid secretion, renal salt and water transport, vascular tone, and fever .
PMID:15044627
Plays a role in the clearance of PGs from the circulation through cellular uptake, which allows cytoplasmic oxidation and PG signal termination .
PMID:8787677
PG uptake is dependent upon membrane potential and involves exchange of a monovalent anionic substrate (PGs exist physiologically as an anionic monovalent form) with a stoichiometry of 1:1 for divalent anions or of 1:2 for monovalent anions .
PMID:29204966
Uses lactate, generated by glycolysis, as a counter-substrate to mediate PGE2 influx and efflux .
PMID:11997326
Under nonglycolytic conditions, metabolites other than lactate might serve as counter-substrates .
PMID:11997326
Although the mechanism is not clear, this transporter can function in bidirectional mode .
PMID:29204966
When apically expressed in epithelial cells, it facilitates transcellular transport (also called vectorial release), extracting PG from the apical medium and facilitating transport across the cell toward the basolateral side, whereupon the PG exits the cell by simple diffusion (By similarity). In the renal collecting duct, regulates renal Na+ balance by removing PGE2 from apical medium (PGE2 EP4 receptor is likely localized to the luminal/apical membrane and stimulates Na+ resorption) and transporting it toward the basolateral membrane (where PGE2 EP1 and EP3 receptors inhibit Na+ resorption) (By similarity). Plays a role in endometrium during decidualization, increasing uptake of PGs by decidual cells .
PMID:16339169
Involved in critical events for ovulation .
PMID:27169804
Regulates extracellular PGE2 concentration for follicular development in the ovaries (By similarity).
Expressed intracellularly, may contribute to vesicular uptake of newly synthesized intracellular PGs, thereby facilitating exocytotic secretion of PGs without being metabolized (By similarity). Essential core component of the major type of large-conductance anion channel, Maxi-Cl, which plays essential roles in inorganic anion transport, cell volume regulation and release of ATP and glutamate not only in physiological processes but also in pathological processes (By similarity). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)
Solute carrier family 22 member 11
SLC22A11
inhibitor
Specific functionorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Cellular location
Cell membrane
General function & pharmacology
Antiporter that mediates the transport of conjugated steroids and other specific organic anions at the basal membrane of syncytiotrophoblast and at the apical membrane of proximal tubule epithelial cells, in exchange for anionic compounds .
PMID:10660625 PMID:11907186 PMID:15037815 PMID:15102942 PMID:15291761 PMID:15576633 PMID:17229912 PMID:18501590 PMID:26277985 PMID:28027879
May be responsible for placental absorption of fetal-derived steroid sulfates such as estrone sulfate (E1S) and the steroid hormone precursor dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), as well as clearing waste products and xenobiotics from the fetus .
PMID:12409283
Maybe also be involved in placental urate homeostasis .
PMID:17229912
Facilitates the renal reabsorption of organic anions such as urate and derived steroid sulfates .
PMID:15037815 PMID:17229912
Organic anion glutarate acts as conteranion for E1S renal uptake .
PMID:15037815 PMID:17229912
Possible transport mode may also include DHEA-S/E1S exchange .
PMID:28027879
Also interacts with inorganic anions such as chloride and hydroxyl ions, therefore possible transport modes may include E1S/Cl(-), E1S/OH(-), urate/Cl(-) and urate/OH(-) .
PMID:17229912
Also mediates the transport of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) and may be involved in their renal excretion .
PMID:11907186
Also able to uptake anionic drugs, diuretics, bile salts and ochratoxin A .
PMID:10660625 PMID:26277985
Mediates the unidirectional efflux of glutamate and aspartate .
PMID:28027879
Glutamate efflux down its transmembrane gradient may drive SLC22A11/OAT4-mediated placental uptake of E1S PMID:26277985
PMID:10660625 PMID:11907186 PMID:15037815 PMID:15102942 PMID:15291761 PMID:15576633 PMID:17229912 PMID:18501590 PMID:26277985 PMID:28027879
May be responsible for placental absorption of fetal-derived steroid sulfates such as estrone sulfate (E1S) and the steroid hormone precursor dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), as well as clearing waste products and xenobiotics from the fetus .
PMID:12409283
Maybe also be involved in placental urate homeostasis .
PMID:17229912
Facilitates the renal reabsorption of organic anions such as urate and derived steroid sulfates .
PMID:15037815 PMID:17229912
Organic anion glutarate acts as conteranion for E1S renal uptake .
PMID:15037815 PMID:17229912
Possible transport mode may also include DHEA-S/E1S exchange .
PMID:28027879
Also interacts with inorganic anions such as chloride and hydroxyl ions, therefore possible transport modes may include E1S/Cl(-), E1S/OH(-), urate/Cl(-) and urate/OH(-) .
PMID:17229912
Also mediates the transport of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) and may be involved in their renal excretion .
PMID:11907186
Also able to uptake anionic drugs, diuretics, bile salts and ochratoxin A .
PMID:10660625 PMID:26277985
Mediates the unidirectional efflux of glutamate and aspartate .
PMID:28027879
Glutamate efflux down its transmembrane gradient may drive SLC22A11/OAT4-mediated placental uptake of E1S PMID:26277985
Carriers(2)
Proteins that carry this drug through the body
Albumin
ALB
binder
Specific functionantioxidant activity
Cellular location
Secreted
General function & pharmacology
Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc .
PMID:19021548
Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity).
Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity).
Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli .
PMID:6234017
Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin PMID:6234017
PMID:19021548
Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity).
Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity).
Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli .
PMID:6234017
Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin PMID:6234017
Thyroxine-binding globulin
SERPINA7
binder
Specific functionserine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
Cellular location
Secreted
General function & pharmacology
Major thyroid hormone transport protein in serum
Biological pathways(1)
Involved compounds
Scientific references(7)
Prandota J.
Clinical Pharmacology of Furosemide in Children: A Supplement.
American Journal of Therapeutics
20018(4):275-289. doi: 10.1097/00045391-200107000-00010
Ponto L.L., Schoenwald R.D.
Furosemide (frusemide).
A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic review (Part I)
Clin Pharmacokinet. 1990 May18(5):381-408. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199018050-00004
Prandota J.
Furosemide: Progress in Understanding Its Diuretic, Anti-inflammatory, and Bronchodilating Mechanism of Action, and Use in the Treatment of Respiratory Tract Diseases.
American Journal of Therapeutics
20029(4):317-328. doi: 10.1097/00045391-200207000-00009
Oh S.W., Han S.Y.
Loop Diuretics in Clinical Practice.
Electrolyte Blood Press
2015 Jun13(1):17-21. doi: 10.5049/EBP.2015.13.1.17. Epub 2015 Jun 30
Pichette V., du Souich P.
Role of the kidneys in the metabolism of furosemide.
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
19967(2):345-349. doi: 10.1681/asn.v72345
Andreasen F., Mikkelsen E.
Distribution, elimination and effect of furosemide in normal subjects and in patients with heart failure.
European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
1977 Aug 1712(1):15-22. doi: 10.1007/bf00561400
Perez J., Sitar D.S., Ogilvie R.I.
BIOTRANSFORMATION OF FUROSEMIDE IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE PULMONARY EDEMA.
Drug Metabolism and Disposition
19797(6):383-387. doi: 10.1016/s0090-9556(25)09248-7
ATC classification(4 codes)
ATC C03EB01
ATC C03CA01
ATC G01AE10
ATC C03CB01
Affected organisms(1)
Humans and other mammals
International brands(9)
Salt forms(1)
Furosemide sodium(DBSALT003113)
Experimental properties(5)
Commercial products(600)
Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
Show
Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
Linked compound data from DrugBank Open Data (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Furosemide
Additional database identifiers
Drugs Product Database (DPD)
10091
ChemSpider
3322
BindingDB
25902
PDB
FUN
ZINC
ZINC000000035804
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10910
GenAtlas
SLC12A1
GeneCards
SLC12A1
GenBank Gene Database
U58130
GenBank Protein Database
1373425
Guide to Pharmacology
968
UniProt Accession
S12A1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:1373
GenAtlas
CA2
GeneCards
CA2
GenBank Gene Database
M77181
GenBank Protein Database
179780
Guide to Pharmacology
3092
UniProt Accession
CAH2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:4492
GeneCards
GPR35
Guide to Pharmacology
102
UniProt Accession
GPR35_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8891
GeneCards
PGD
GenBank Gene Database
U30255
GenBank Protein Database
984325
UniProt Accession
6PGD_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:12530
GeneCards
UGT1A1
GenBank Gene Database
M57899
GenBank Protein Database
184473
Guide to Pharmacology
2990
UniProt Accession
UD11_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:399
GenAtlas
ALB
GeneCards
ALB
GenBank Gene Database
V00494
GenBank Protein Database
28590
UniProt Accession
ALBU_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:11583
GenAtlas
SERPINA7
GeneCards
SERPINA7
GenBank Gene Database
M14091
GenBank Protein Database
338697
UniProt Accession
THBG_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10970
GenAtlas
hROAT1
GeneCards
SLC22A6
GenBank Gene Database
AF057039
GenBank Protein Database
3831566
Guide to Pharmacology
1025
UniProt Accession
S22A6_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10969
GenAtlas
SLC22A5
GeneCards
SLC22A5
GenBank Gene Database
AF057164
GenBank Protein Database
3273741
UniProt Accession
S22A5_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10972
GeneCards
SLC22A8
GenBank Gene Database
AF097491
GenBank Protein Database
4378059
Guide to Pharmacology
1027
UniProt Accession
S22A8_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:53
GenAtlas
ABCC2
GeneCards
ABCC2
GenBank Gene Database
U63970
GenBank Protein Database
1764162
Guide to Pharmacology
780
UniProt Accession
MRP2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10955
GeneCards
SLCO2A1
GenBank Gene Database
U70867
GenBank Protein Database
1617590
UniProt Accession
SO2A1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:18120
GenAtlas
SLC22A11
GeneCards
SLC22A11
GenBank Gene Database
AB026116
GenBank Protein Database
7707622
Guide to Pharmacology
1030
UniProt Accession
S22AB_HUMAN
International reference pricing
26 formulations
Reference pricing from DrugBank. Prices are indicative and may not reflect current UK costs.
From $0.05/tablet
To $182.52/can
Apo-Furosemide 20 mg Tablet
$0.05/tablet
Novo-Semide 20 mg Tablet
$0.05/tablet
Apo-Furosemide 40 mg Tablet
$0.07/tablet
Natural herbal diuretic tablet
$0.07/tablet
Novo-Semide 40 mg Tablet
$0.07/tablet
Source: DrugBank. Used under CC BY-NC 4.0 academic licence for non-commercial purposes.
Patent information
4 active patents
11433044
United States
Approved 6 Sept 2022 · Expires 3 Apr 2034
8 years
9884039
United States
Approved 6 Feb 2018 · Expires 3 Apr 2034
8 years
10272064
United States
Approved 30 Apr 2019 · Expires 3 Apr 2034
8 years
12370168
United States
Approved 3 Apr 2014 · Expires 3 Apr 2034
8 years
Source: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0. Patent data sourced from national patent offices. Expiry dates may not reflect extensions, regulatory exclusivity periods, or legal challenges.
DrugBank citations
If you use DrugBank data in your research, please cite the following publications:
Knox C., Wilson M., Klinger C.M., et al
DrugBank 6.
0: the DrugBank Knowledgebase for 2024
Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 552(D1):D1265-D1275
Wishart D.S., Feunang Y.D., Guo A.C., et al
DrugBank 5.
0: a major update to the DrugBank database for 2018
Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Nov 846(D1):D1074-D1082
Show earlier publications
Law V., Knox C., Djoumbou Y., et al
DrugBank 4.
0: shedding new light on drug metabolism
Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jan 142(1):D1091-7
Knox C., Law V., Jewison T., et al
DrugBank 3.
0: a comprehensive resource for 'omics' research on drugs
Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan39(Database issue):D1035-41
Wishart D.S., Knox C., Guo A.C., et al
DrugBank: a knowledgebase for drugs, drug actions and drug targets.
Nucleic Acids Research
2008 Jan36(Database issue):D901-6
Wishart D.S., Knox C., Guo A.C., et al
DrugBank: a comprehensive resource for in silico drug discovery and exploration.
Nucleic Acids Research
2006 Jan 134(Database issue):D668-72
Source: go.drugbank.comCC BY-NC 4.0
Updated 27 days ago(8 Mar 2026)