Etilefrine 5mg tablets

Photocages enable scientists to take full control over the activity of molecules using light as a biocompatible stimulus. Their emerging applications in photoactivated therapies call for efficient uncaging in the near-infrared (NIR) window, which represents a fundamental challenge. Here, we report synthetically accessible cyanine photocages that liberate alcohol, phenol, amine, and thiol payloads upon irradiation with NIR light up to 820 nm in aqueous media. The photocages display a unique chameleon-like behavior and operate via two distinct uncaging mechanisms: photooxidation and heterolytic bond cleavage. The latter process constitutes the first example of a direct bond scission by a single photon ever observed in cyanine dyes or at wavelengths exceeding 800 nm. Modulation of the beating rates of human cardiomyocytes that we achieved by light-actuated release of adrenergic agonist etilefrine at submicromolar concentrations and low NIR light doses (∼12 J cm–2) highlights the potential of these photocages in biology and medicine.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Objective: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized pathologically by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to a significant decline in striatal dopamine levels. This study aims to systematically analyze alterations in striatal metabolites across different stages of PD to identify potential biomarkers, elucidate pathological mechanisms, and explore therapeutic targets. Methods: A total of 72 mice were divided into six groups, including one control group and five PD model groups (W1-W5, representing distinct stages based on the duration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/probenecid induction). Striatal tissues were comprehensively collected, and small-molecule metabolites were detected using metabolomics techniques. Potential differential metabolite biomarkers were screened through variable importance in projection values from orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and coefficient values from LASSO ordinal logistic regression. Results: Thirteen potential differential metabolites were identified, including Ergocalciferol, Glutaric acid, Etilefrine, and Guanine, among others. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that purine metabolism emerged as the most significantly perturbed pathway. Additionally, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that the biomarker panel composed of these 13 metabolites effectively distinguished different stages of PD. Conclusion: The striatum exhibits distinct metabolic profiles at different stages of PD, with purine metabolism showing the most pronounced alterations. The characteristic metabolites and metabolic pathways identified in this study contribute to elucidating the pathophysiological features of PD and may guide precision therapy.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND

Noonan syndrome is associated with lymphatic system structural abnormalities and may present with potentially fatal refractory chylothorax. We report a 2-year-old boy with Noonan syndrome with non-traumatic chylothorax who was refractory to dietary therapy with medium-chain triglyceride milk, octreotide, prednisolone, lymphatic embolisation, and lymphatico-venous anastomosis but improved with etilefrine administration. Etilefrine may be a treatment option for paediatric chylothorax, regardless of the aetiology.

Abstract licence: CC BY

• Development of DA colorimetric detection by bio-based NBP validated assay • DoE ensured efficient optimized condition for the DA assay with minimal experiments • Optimized NBP method achieved improved performances reducing solvent consumption • The NBP-based assay assured selectivity for DA over other clinically relevant adrenergic drugs . The drive towards sustainability in analytical chemistry has prompted the replacement of hazardous solvents with greener alternatives, in line with circular chemistry principles. We here report a rapid, low-cost, and sustainable colorimetric assay for dopamine (DA) detection in pharmaceutical formulations. Building on our previously developed dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-based melanochrome (MN) assay, three bio-based solvents—Cyrene™, γ-valerolactone (GVL), and N-butylpyrrolidone (NBP)—were evaluated as DMSO substitutes. Screening indicated that DMSO and NBP supported effective MN formation, whereas GVL and Cyrene were unsuitable. NBP was selected for optimization using a Design of Experiments (DoE) strategy to assess pH, solvent fraction, and temperature effects. Temporal contributions and interactions of parameters were analyzed through dynamic DoE modeling, with curvature effects evaluated via triplicate center-point measurements. Model predictivity was verified at the center and at the predicted maximum absorbance region, achieving the highest signal at 30 min. The optimized assay (NBP:buffer 1:4 v/v, pH 10.0, 45 °C) exhibited excellent linearity (R² = 0.9998) across 11–80 μg/mL, a low detection limit (LOD 1.35 μg/mL), and quantification limit (LOQ 4.59 μg/mL). Compared to the reference DMSO system, the NBP assay showed improved sensitivity and reduced solvent usage, minimizing environmental impact. Selectivity was confirmed against adrenergic drugs (adrenaline, noradrenaline, ephedrine, etilefrine, dobutamine), none of which produced MN chromophore. This results method robustness in clinically relevant contexts. Overall, the proposed NBP-based assay integrates eco-friendly solvent selection with DoE-guided optimization, delivering sensitivity, selectivity, and practicality for pharmaceutical quality control. Beyond simple solvent substitution, this study presents a systematic green re-evaluation of a validated analytical protocol, effectively balancing sustainability, functionality, and analytical performance. .

Abstract licence: CC BY