Etidronate disodium 200mg tablets

This scoping review aimed to synthesize and explore the current boundaries and limitations of laboratory research on the effectiveness of continuous chelation irrigation protocol in endodontics. This scoping review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Extension for Scoping Reviews. Literature search was conducted on Pubmed and Scopus to identify all laboratory studies evaluating smear layer and hard-tissue debris removal or, antimicrobial efficacy, or dentine erosion induced by continuous chelation. Two independent reviewers performed the all review steps and the relevant items were recorded. Seventy-seven potentially relevant studies were identified. Finally, 23 laboratory studies met the eligibility criteria for qualitative synthesis. Seven studies focused on the smear layer/debris removal outcome, 10 on antimicrobial activity, and 10 on dentine erosion. In general, the continuous chelation protocol was equally or more effective in the cleanliness of root canals and antimicrobial activity compared with traditional sequential protocol. In addition, etidronate solutions seemed to be milder chelating agents compared to those with EDTA, thus resulting in reduced or no dentine erosion and roughness modification. Yet, the methodological differences among the included studies limit the results' generalizability. The continuous chelation seems to be equally or more effective in all investigated outcomes when compared with the traditional sequential protocol. The methodological variability among the studies and shortcomings in the methods employed limit the generalizability and clinical relevance of the results. Standardized laboratory conditions combined with reliable three-dimensional investigation approaches are necessary to obtain clinically informative findings.

Abstract licence: CC BY

We report a 31-year-old woman hospitalized for approximately two months for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Under sedation, she received physiotherapy to prevent joint contractures. When weaning from the mechanical ventilator began, she complained of pain and limited range of motion in her bilateral hip and knee joints. Radiography and computed tomography revealed non-traumatic heterotopic ossification (HO) in the bilateral vastus medialis and hips. Range-of-motion exercises were discontinued, and treatment with indomethacin and etidronate disodium was started. Alkaline phosphatase, an index of disease activity, peaked 15-fold higher than the normal range but decreased to near-normal levels four months after treatment. She could walk with a T-cane after rehabilitation, although her range of motion remained limited. If a COVID-19 patient has joint pain and is immobilized for a long time, HO should be considered accordingly.

Abstract licence: CC BY