What should I avoid while taking Ethinylestradiol 5microgram capsules?

Avoid St. John's Wort. St. John's Wort may decrease the effectiveness of ethinylestradiol. (Source: DrugBank, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0)

Do I need a prescription for Ethinylestradiol 5microgram capsules?

Ethinylestradiol 5microgram capsules is classified as a Valid as a prescribable product in the UK. However, always consult a pharmacist or doctor before use. (Source: NHS dm+d)

What are the brand names for Ethinylestradiol 5microgram capsules?

Ethinylestradiol 5microgram capsules is the generic name. It is available under brand names including: Ethinylestradiol 5microgram capsules. (Source: NHS dm+d — Actual Medicinal Products)

Ethinylestradiol 5microgram capsules

Prescription only

Requires a prescription from a doctor or prescriber

Capsule

Oral

Sex hormones

Active ingredients:

Ethinylestradiol

BNF classificationBrowse formulary

Where this medicine sits in the British National Formulary — the UK's standard prescribing reference

BNF 06.04.01.01

ATC classificationBrowse ATC index

International classification by the WHO, grouping medicines by the organ system they act on

ATC G03CA01

Chemical classBrowse classes

Classification based on the molecule's chemical structure and properties

Check interactions for Ethinylestradiol

No active safety alerts

Official documents, adverse reaction reporting, and safety monitoring

Report a side effect

Submit a Yellow Card report to the MHRA

Official medicine documents

Yellow Card

Report side effects (MHRA)

Drug safety updates

MHRA alerts for Ethinylestradiol

Source: MHRA Products DatabaseOGL 3.0

Updated 3 months ago(16 Jan 2026)

Safety monitoring data

Yellow Card reports

MHRA

The MHRA Yellow Card scheme collects reports of suspected side effects from healthcare professionals and patients. View the Drug Analysis Profile (iDAP) for real-world adverse reaction data.

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Suspected adverse reactions reported for Ethinylestradiol

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Report a side effect

Submit a Yellow Card report to the MHRA

Data from the MHRA Yellow Card scheme. A reported reaction does not necessarily mean the medicine caused it. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.

EudraVigilance

EMA

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) collects suspected adverse reaction reports from across the EU/EEA through the EudraVigilance system. Search for safety data on this medicine.

View EudraVigilance report

Suspected adverse reactions reported for Ethinylestradiol

About EudraVigilance

Learn about EU pharmacovigilance and safety monitoring

EudraVigilance data is published by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). A suspected adverse reaction is not necessarily caused by the medicine.

1 branded products available

1 productsShow details

1 products

Possibly available on the UK marketRestricted supplyDiscontinuedAvailability per NHS dm+d

MHRA licensed products

View all licensed products for Ethinylestradiol on the MHRA register

Ethinylestradiol 5microgram capsules

Special Order

None

Special

Source: NHS dm+dOGL 3.0

Updated about 1 month ago(1 Mar 2026)

Daily doseShow details

WHO defined daily dose (DDD)

25 microgram

Not a recommended dose. The DDD is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults. It is a statistical measure used for research and comparison purposes only.

Source: WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, distributed via NHS dm+d BNF mapping files. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.

Therapeutically similar medicines

10 similarShow details

Ethinylestradiol 50microgram gastro-resistant tablets

Tablet

Same therapeutic group

Estradiol 1.53mg/dose transdermal spray

Spray

1.53mg

Same therapeutic group

Estriol 30microgram pessaries

Other

Same therapeutic group

Estriol 50micrograms/g vaginal gel with applicator

Gel

Same therapeutic group

Conjugated oestrogens 25mg powder for solution for injection vials

Injection

25mg

Same therapeutic group

Similarity based on WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and NHS BNF section grouping. Source data: NHS dm+d via TRUD (OGL v3.0), WHO ATC/DDD Index.

NHS prescribing volume and spending trends

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Clinical guidelines and formulary information

British National Formulary

Ethinylestradiol

BNF

Drug monograph — bnf.nice.org.uk

Source: British National Formulary, NICE. Joint Formulary Committee. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.

NICE clinical guidance(3)

Polycystic ovary syndrome: metformin in women not planning pregnancy (ESUOM6)

ESUOM6

Evidence summary

Updated Feb 2013

Combined oral contraception: nomegestrol/estradiol (Zoely) (ESNM28)

ESNM28

Evidence summary

Updated Dec 2013

Acne vulgaris: management (NG198)

NG198

NICE guideline

Updated Dec 2023

Source: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.

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Search for this medicine at major UK pharmacy chains. These links open the retailer's own website — results depend on their current online catalogue.

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NHS Specialist Pharmacy Service (SPS)

emc product search

Discontinuations & alternatives for Ethinylestradiol

Pharmacy links redirect to the retailer's own search and do not represent real-time stock levels. emc (electronic medicines compendium) is operated by Datapharm Ltd. Shortage information sourced from NHS Specialist Pharmacy Service (SPS), sps.nhs.uk.

Codes for healthcare professionals and prescribing systems

Show details

These codes are used by healthcare IT systems and prescribers to identify this medicine.

NHS UK identifiers

SNOMED CT

28049411000001102

dm+d ID

28049411000001102

VTM (Virtual Therapeutic Moiety)

775861001

VMP (Virtual Medicinal Product)

28049411000001102

BNF code

06040101

International identifiers

ATC code — Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (WHO)

G03CA01

Browse tools

dm+d Browser

NHSBSA medicines dictionary lookup

SNOMED CT and dm+d codes from NHS TRUD (Technology Reference data Update Distribution), licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. BNF codes from NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA). ATC codes from the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (whocc.no).

Active and completed clinical studies from ClinicalTrials.gov

Show details

Searching UK clinical trials...

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Data accessed via ClinicalTrials.gov API v2. Trial information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.

Pharmacology and chemical data from DrugBank

go.drugbank.com

Key facts

Drug status

Approved

Major interactions

None known

Half-life

4.8h

Mechanism

Ethinylestradiol is a synthetic estrogenic compound.

Food interactions

1 warning

Human targets

2 targets

Data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0

Pharmacokinetics at a glance

Absorption

30µg

A 30µg oral dose of ethinylestradiol reaches a C_max of 74.1±35.6pg/mL,…

Half-life

30µg

A 30µg oral dose has a half life of 8.4±4.8h and a 1.2mg topical dose has a half life of 27.7±34.2h.
[A191185]

Protein binding

98.3-98.5%

Enthinylestradiol is 98.3-98.5% bound to albumin in serum[A191182] but also exhibits binding to sex hormone binding globulin.
[A20240]

Volume of distribution

30µg

A 30µg oral dose has an apparent volume of distribution of 625.3±228.7L…

Metabolism

Ethinylestradiol can be glucuronidated by UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7.
[A190690][A191146]…

Elimination

59.2%

Ethinylestradiol is 59.2% eliminated in the urine and bile, while 2-3% is eliminated in the feces.
[A191113]…

Clearance

16.47L/h

Ethinylestradiol has an intravenous clearance of 16.47L/h, and an estimated renal clearance of approximately 2.1L/h.
[A191125]…

Pharmacokinetic data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0

Status:

Approved

Investigational

Small molecule

About this compound

Ethinylestradiol was first synthesized in 1938 by Hans Herloff Inhoffen and Walter Hohlweg at Schering.[A191107] It was developed in an effort to create an estrogen with greater oral bioavailability.[A191107] These properties were achieved by the substitution of an ethinyl group at carbon 17 of [estradiol].[A191107] Ethinylestradiol soon replaced [mestranol] in contraceptive pills.[A191107]

Ethinylestradiol was granted FDA approval on 25 June 1943.[L11884]

Properties:

solid

Avg. mass: 296.40 Da

View FDA drug label

DrugBank indication

Ethinylestradiol is combined with other drugs for use as a contraceptive, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, moderate acne, moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms of menopause, prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
[L11944][L11965][L11947][L11950][L11845][L9806][L11953][L10304][L11956][L11959][L11962]

Also known as(200)

17-ethinyl-3,17-estradiol

17-ethinyl-3,17-oestradiol

17-ethinylestradiol

17alpha-Ethinyl estradiol

17α-ethynylestradiol

Ethinyl estradiol

Ethinylestradiol

Ethinylestradiolum

Dosage forms(62)

Kit; tablet (Oral)

Tablet (Oral) — 2.0000 mg

Ring (Vaginal)

Patch (Transdermal) — 0.55 mg

Tablet, film coated (Oral) — 15 MCG

Tablet, film coated (Oral) — 2.000 mg

Tablet, film coated (Oral) — 0.03 MG/2MG

Kit (Oral)

Molecular properties(19)

Drug interactions(1543)

Known interactions with other medications. Always consult a healthcare professional.

Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid

Moderate

DB02123

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Pravastatin

Moderate

DB00175

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Pravastatin which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Diethylstilbestrol

Moderate

DB00255

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Diethylstilbestrol which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Isradipine

Moderate

DB00270

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Isradipine which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Flucloxacillin

Moderate

DB00301

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Flucloxacillin which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Atenolol

Moderate

DB00335

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Atenolol which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Rosiglitazone

Moderate

DB00412

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Rosiglitazone which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Loratadine

Moderate

DB00455

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Loratadine which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Atropine

Moderate

DB00572

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Atropine which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Imatinib

Moderate

DB00619

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Imatinib which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Fluorescein

Moderate

DB00693

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Fluorescein which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Disulfiram

Moderate

DB00822

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Disulfiram which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Cefaclor

Moderate

DB00833

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Cefaclor which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Tinidazole

Moderate

DB00911

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Tinidazole which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Repaglinide

Moderate

DB00912

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Repaglinide which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Telmisartan

Moderate

DB00966

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Telmisartan which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Sulfamethoxazole

Moderate

DB01015

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Sulfamethoxazole which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Nitrendipine

Moderate

DB01054

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Nitrendipine which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Nifedipine

Moderate

DB01115

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Nifedipine which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Sulfinpyrazone

Moderate

DB01138

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Sulfinpyrazone which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Ofloxacin

Moderate

DB01165

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Ofloxacin which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Taurocholic acid

Moderate

DB04348

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Taurocholic acid which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Prasterone sulfate

Moderate

DB05804

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Prasterone sulfate which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Indocyanine green acid form

Moderate

DB09374

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Indocyanine green acid form which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Benzbromarone

Moderate

DB12319

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Benzbromarone which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Pilsicainide

Moderate

DB12712

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Pilsicainide which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Dihydroergocristine

Moderate

DB13345

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Dihydroergocristine which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Glycyrrhizic acid

Moderate

DB13751

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Ranolazine

Moderate

DB00243

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Ranolazine which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Belantamab mafodotin

Moderate

DB15719

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Belantamab mafodotin which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Cilostazol

Unknown severity

DB01166

The serum concentration of Cilostazol can be increased when it is combined with Ethinylestradiol.

Check this interaction

Peginterferon alfa-2b

Unknown severity

DB00022

The serum concentration of Ethinylestradiol can be increased when it is combined with Peginterferon alfa-2b.

Check this interaction

Teriflunomide

Unknown severity

DB08880

The serum concentration of Ethinylestradiol can be decreased when it is combined with Teriflunomide.

Check this interaction

Leflunomide

Unknown severity

DB01097

The serum concentration of Ethinylestradiol can be decreased when it is combined with Leflunomide.

Check this interaction

Aprepitant

Unknown severity

DB00673

The serum concentration of Ethinylestradiol can be decreased when it is combined with Aprepitant.

Check this interaction

Prucalopride

Unknown severity

DB06480

The serum concentration of Ethinylestradiol can be decreased when it is combined with Prucalopride.

Check this interaction

Thalidomide

Moderate

DB01041

Ethinylestradiol may increase the thrombogenic activities of Thalidomide.

Check this interaction

Mifepristone

Unknown severity

DB00834

The serum concentration of Ethinylestradiol can be increased when it is combined with Mifepristone.

Check this interaction

Deferasirox

Moderate

DB01609

The metabolism of Deferasirox can be increased when combined with Ethinylestradiol.

Check this interaction

Zidovudine

Moderate

DB00495

The metabolism of Ethinylestradiol can be increased when combined with Zidovudine.

Check this interaction

Tramadol

Moderate

DB00193

The metabolism of Tramadol can be increased when combined with Ethinylestradiol.

Check this interaction

Indomethacin

Moderate

DB00328

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Indomethacin which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Minoxidil

Moderate

DB00350

The metabolism of Minoxidil can be increased when combined with Ethinylestradiol.

Check this interaction

Cerivastatin

Moderate

DB00439

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Cerivastatin which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Raloxifene

Moderate

DB00481

The metabolism of Raloxifene can be increased when combined with Ethinylestradiol.

Check this interaction

Diclofenac

Moderate

DB00586

Ethinylestradiol may decrease the excretion rate of Diclofenac which could result in a higher serum level.

Check this interaction

Labetalol

Moderate

DB00598

The metabolism of Labetalol can be increased when combined with Ethinylestradiol.

Check this interaction

Losartan

Moderate

DB00678

The metabolism of Ethinylestradiol can be decreased when combined with Losartan.

Check this interaction

Naltrexone

Moderate

DB00704

The metabolism of Naltrexone can be increased when combined with Ethinylestradiol.

Check this interaction

Flurbiprofen

Moderate

DB00712

The metabolism of Flurbiprofen can be increased when combined with Ethinylestradiol.

Check this interaction

Showing 50 of 1543 interactions

Food & lifestyle interactions

Advice

Avoid St. John's Wort. St. John's Wort may decrease the effectiveness of ethinylestradiol.

Toxicity & overdose

Female patients experiencing and overdose may present with withdrawal bleeding, nausea, vomiting, breast tenderness, abdominal pain, drowsiness, and fatigue.
[L11944][L11965][L11947][L11950][L11845][L9806][L11953][L10304][L11956][L11959][L11962]

Overdose should be treated with symptomatic and supportive care including monitoring for potassium concentrations, sodium concentrations, and signs of metabolic acidosis.
[L11944][L11965][L11947][L11950][L11845][L9806][L11953][L10304][L11956][L11959][L11962]

How it works

Mechanism of action

Ethinylestradiol is a synthetic estrogenic compound.[L11944] Use of estrogens have a number of effects on the body including reduced bone density.[A191565] Combined oral contraceptives suppress ovulation by suppressing gonadotrophic hormone, thickening cervical mucus to prevent the travel of sperm, and preventing changes in the endometrium required for implantation of a fertilized egg.[A191568][L11944] Ethinylestradiol decreases luteinizing hormone, decreasing vascularity in the endometrium.[A191571] It also increases sex hormone binding globulin.[A191571]

Pharmacodynamics

Ethinylestradiol is a synthetic estrogen that decreases luteinizing hormone to decrease endometrial vascularization, and decreases gonadotrophic hormone to prevent ovulation.[A191571][A191568][L11944] It has a long duration of action as it is taken once daily, and a wide therapeutic index as overdoses are generally not associated with serious adverse effects.[L11944] Patients should be counselled regarding the risks of thrombotic events.[L11944]

Pharmacokinetics

How the body processes this drug — absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination

Absorption

A 30µg oral dose of ethinylestradiol reaches a C_max of 74.1±35.6pg/mL, with a T_max of 1.5±0.5h, and an AUC of 487.4±166.6pg\*h/mL.
[A191185]
A 1.2mg dose delivered via a patch reaches a C_max of 28.8±10.3pg/mL, with a T_max of 86±31h, and an AUC of3895±1423pg\*h/mL.
[A191185]

Half-life

A 30µg oral dose has a half life of 8.4±4.8h and a 1.2mg topical dose has a half life of 27.7±34.2h.
[A191185]

Protein binding

Enthinylestradiol is 98.3-98.5% bound to albumin in serum[A191182] but also exhibits binding to sex hormone binding globulin.
[A20240]

Volume of distribution

A 30µg oral dose has an apparent volume of distribution of 625.3±228.7L and a 1.2mg topical dose has an apparent volume of distribution of 11745.3±15934.8L.
[A191185]

Metabolism

Ethinylestradiol can be glucuronidated by UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7.
[A190690][A191146]
Ethinylestradiol is also sulfated by SULT1A1, SULT1A3, and SULT1E1.
[A191131][A191146]
Ethinylestradiol can also be hydroxylated at positions 2, 4, 6, 7, and 16[A191140][A191146] by CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP1A2.
[A191125][A191146]
These hydroxylated metabolites can be methylated by catechol-O-methyltransferase.
[A191146]
The methoxy metabolites can in turn be sulfated or glucuronidated.
[A191146]

Route of elimination

Ethinylestradiol is 59.2% eliminated in the urine and bile, while 2-3% is eliminated in the feces.
[A191113]
Over 90% of ethinylestradiol is eliminated as the unchanged parent drug.
[A191113]

Clearance

Ethinylestradiol has an intravenous clearance of 16.47L/h, and an estimated renal clearance of approximately 2.1L/h.
[A191125]
A 30µg oral dose has a clearance of 58.0±19.8L/h and a 1.2mg topical dose has a clearance of 303.5±100.5L/h.
[A191185]

Drug targets(2)

Proteins and enzymes this drug interacts with in the body

Estrogen receptor

BE0000123

ESR1

agonist

Specific function14-3-3 protein binding

Cellular location

Nucleus

General function & pharmacology

Nuclear hormone receptor. The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Ligand-dependent nuclear transactivation involves either direct homodimer binding to a palindromic estrogen response element (ERE) sequence or association with other DNA-binding transcription factors, such as AP-1/c-Jun, c-Fos, ATF-2, Sp1 and Sp3, to mediate ERE-independent signaling.

Ligand binding induces a conformational change allowing subsequent or combinatorial association with multiprotein coactivator complexes through LXXLL motifs of their respective components. Mutual transrepression occurs between the estrogen receptor (ER) and NF-kappa-B in a cell-type specific manner. Decreases NF-kappa-B DNA-binding activity and inhibits NF-kappa-B-mediated transcription from the IL6 promoter and displace RELA/p65 and associated coregulators from the promoter.

Recruited to the NF-kappa-B response element of the CCL2 and IL8 promoters and can displace CREBBP. Present with NF-kappa-B components RELA/p65 and NFKB1/p50 on ERE sequences. Can also act synergistically with NF-kappa-B to activate transcription involving respective recruitment adjacent response elements; the function involves CREBBP.

Can activate the transcriptional activity of TFF1. Also mediates membrane-initiated estrogen signaling involving various kinase cascades. Essential for MTA1-mediated transcriptional regulation of BRCA1 and BCAS3 .
PMID:17922032
Maintains neuronal survival in response to ischemic reperfusion injury when in the presence of circulating estradiol (17-beta-estradiol/E2) (By similarity)

Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2

BE0000956

NR1I2

agonist

Specific functionDNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific

Cellular location

Nucleus

General function & pharmacology

Nuclear receptor that binds and is activated by variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Transcription factor that activates the transcription of multiple genes involved in the metabolism and secretion of potentially harmful xenobiotics, drugs and endogenous compounds. Activated by the antibiotic rifampicin and various plant metabolites, such as hyperforin, guggulipid, colupulone, and isoflavones.

Response to specific ligands is species-specific. Activated by naturally occurring steroids, such as pregnenolone and progesterone. Binds to a response element in the promoters of the CYP3A4 and ABCB1/MDR1 genes

Metabolizing enzymes(14)

Enzymes involved in drug metabolism — important for understanding drug interactions

Enzyme activity key

substrate

inhibitor

inducer

CYP3A4Cytochrome P450 3A4

substrate

CYP2C8Cytochrome P450 2C8

substrate

inhibitor

CYP2C9Cytochrome P450 2C9

substrate

CYP1A2Cytochrome P450 1A2

substrate

CYP3A5Cytochrome P450 3A5

substrate

UGT1A4UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4

substrate

UGT1A3UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A3

UGT1A1UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1

substrate

inducer

UGT1A9UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9

substrate

UGT2B7UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7

substrate

SULT1A3Sulfotransferase 1A3

substrate

SULT1E1Sulfotransferase 1E1

substrate

COMTCatechol O-methyltransferase

substrate

CYP2C19Cytochrome P450 2C19

inhibitor

Transporters(5)

Proteins that transport this drug across cell membranes

Bile salt export pump

BE0000703

ABCB11

inhibitor

Specific functionABC-type bile acid transporter activity

Cellular location

Apical cell membrane

General function & pharmacology

Catalyzes the transport of the major hydrophobic bile salts, such as taurine and glycine-conjugated cholic acid across the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes in an ATP-dependent manner, therefore participates in hepatic bile acid homeostasis and consequently to lipid homeostasis through regulation of biliary lipid secretion in a bile salts dependent manner .
PMID:15791618 PMID:16332456 PMID:18985798 PMID:19228692 PMID:20010382 PMID:20398791 PMID:22262466 PMID:24711118 PMID:29507376 PMID:32203132

Transports taurine-conjugated bile salts more rapidly than glycine-conjugated bile salts .
PMID:16332456
Also transports non-bile acid compounds, such as pravastatin and fexofenadine in an ATP-dependent manner and may be involved in their biliary excretion PMID:15901796 PMID:18245269

Hepatic sodium/bile acid cotransporter

BE0003644

SLC10A1

inhibitor

Specific functionbile acid transmembrane transporter activity

Cellular location

Cell membrane

General function & pharmacology

As a major transporter of conjugated bile salts from plasma into the hepatocyte, it plays a key role in the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts necessary for the solubilization and absorption of dietary fat and fat-soluble vitamins .
PMID:14660639 PMID:24867799 PMID:34060352 PMID:8132774

It is strictly dependent on the extracellular presence of sodium .
PMID:14660639 PMID:24867799 PMID:34060352 PMID:8132774

It exhibits broad substrate specificity and transports various bile acids, such as taurocholate, cholate, as well as non-bile acid organic compounds, such as estrone sulfate .
PMID:14660639 PMID:34060352
Works collaboratively with the ileal transporter (NTCP2), the organic solute transporter (OST), and the bile salt export pump (BSEP), to ensure efficacious biological recycling of bile acids during enterohepatic circulation PMID:33222321

ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 2

BE0001069

ABCC2

inhibitor

inducer

Specific functionABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activity

Cellular location

Apical cell membrane

General function & pharmacology

ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family that binds and hydrolyzes ATP to enable active transport of various substrates including many drugs, toxicants and endogenous compound across cell membranes. Transports a wide variety of conjugated organic anions such as sulfate-, glucuronide- and glutathione (GSH)-conjugates of endo- and xenobiotics substrates .
PMID:10220572 PMID:10421658 PMID:11500505 PMID:16332456

Mediates hepatobiliary excretion of mono- and bis-glucuronidated bilirubin molecules and therefore play an important role in bilirubin detoxification .
PMID:10421658
Also mediates hepatobiliary excretion of others glucuronide conjugates such as 17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid and leukotriene C4 .
PMID:11500505
Transports sulfated bile salt such as taurolithocholate sulfate .
PMID:16332456
Transports various anticancer drugs, such as anthracycline, vinca alkaloid and methotrexate and HIV-drugs such as protease inhibitors .
PMID:10220572 PMID:11500505 PMID:12441801

Confers resistance to several anti-cancer drugs including cisplatin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, methotrexate, etoposide and vincristine PMID:10220572 PMID:11500505

ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1

BE0001032

ABCB1

substrate

Specific functionABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity

Cellular location

Cell membrane

General function & pharmacology

Translocates drugs and phospholipids across the membrane .
PMID:2897240 PMID:35970996 PMID:8898203 PMID:9038218 PMID:35507548

Catalyzes the flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the apical membrane. Participates mainly to the flop of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, beta-D-glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins .
PMID:8898203
Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells PMID:2897240 PMID:35970996 PMID:9038218

Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2

BE0003642

SLCO1A2

inhibitor

Specific functionbile acid transmembrane transporter activity

Cellular location

Cell membrane

General function & pharmacology

Na(+)-independent transporter that mediates the cellular uptake of a broad range of organic anions such as the endogenous bile salts cholate and deoxycholate, either in their unconjugated or conjugated forms (taurocholate and glycocholate), at the plasmam membrane .
PMID:19129463 PMID:7557095
Responsible for intestinal absorption of bile acids (By similarity). Transports dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate (DHEAS), a major circulating steroid secreted by the adrenal cortex, as well as estrone 3-sulfate and 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate) .
PMID:11159893 PMID:12568656 PMID:19129463 PMID:23918469 PMID:25560245 PMID:9539145

Mediates apical uptake of all-trans-retinol (atROL) across human retinal pigment epithelium, which is essential to maintaining the integrity of the visual cycle and thus vision .
PMID:25560245
Involved in the uptake of clinically used drugs .
PMID:17301733 PMID:20686826 PMID:27777271

Capable of thyroid hormone transport (both T3 or 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine, and T4 or L-tyroxine) .
PMID:19129463 PMID:20358049
Also transports prostaglandin E2 .
PMID:19129463
Plays roles in blood-brain and -cerebrospinal fluid barrier transport of organic anions and signal mediators, and in hormone uptake by neural cells (By similarity). May also play a role in the reuptake of neuropeptides such as substance P/TAC1 and vasoactive intestinal peptide/VIP released from retinal neurons .
PMID:25132355
May play an important role in plasma and tissue distribution of the structurally diverse chemotherapeutic drugs methotrexate and paclitaxel .
PMID:23243220
Shows a pH-sensitive substrate specificity which may be ascribed to the protonation state of the binding site and leads to a stimulation of substrate transport in an acidic microenvironment .
PMID:19129463
Hydrogencarbonate/HCO3(-) acts as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions .
PMID:19129463
May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (Probable)

Carriers(2)

Proteins that carry this drug through the body

Albumin

BE0000530

ALB

binder

Specific functionantioxidant activity

Cellular location

Secreted

General function & pharmacology

Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc .
PMID:19021548
Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity).

Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity).

Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli .
PMID:6234017
Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin PMID:6234017

Sex hormone-binding globulin

BE0000685

SHBG

binder

Specific functionandrogen binding

Cellular location

Secreted

General function & pharmacology

Functions as an androgen transport protein, but may also be involved in receptor mediated processes. Each dimer binds one molecule of steroid. Specific for 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, and 17-beta-estradiol.

Regulates the plasma metabolic clearance rate of steroid hormones by controlling their plasma concentration

Scientific references(13)

Dhont M.

History of oral contraception.

European Journal Contracept Reprod Health Care

2010 Dec15 Suppl 2:S12-8. doi: 10.3109/13625187.2010.513071

PMID: 21091163 DOI: 10.3109/13625187.2010.513071

Cargill D.I., Steinetz B.G., Gosnell E., Beach V.L., Meli A., Fujimoto G.I., Reynolds B.M.

Fate of ingested radiolabeled ethynylestradiol and its 3-cyclopentyl ether in patients with bile fistulas.

Journal Clinical Endocrinol Metabolism

1969 Aug29(8):1051-61. doi: 10.1210/jcem-29-8-1051

PMID: 5802625 DOI: 10.1210/jcem-29-8-1051

Ebner T., Remmel R.P., Burchell B.

Human bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase catalyzes the glucuronidation of ethinylestradiol..

Molecular Pharmacology

199343(4):649-654. doi: 10.1016/s0026-895x(25)13456-1

PMID: 8474433 DOI: 10.1016/s0026-895x(25)13456-1

Ezuruike U., Humphries H., Dickins M., Neuhoff S., Gardner I., Rowland Yeo K.

Risk-Benefit Assessment of Ethinylestradiol Using a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach.

Clinical Pharmacology Therapeutics

2018 Dec104(6):1229-1239. doi: 10.1002/cpt.1085. Epub 2018 Apr 27

PMID: 29637542 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1085

Bolt H.M., Kappus H., Kasbohrer R.

Metabolism of 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol by human liver microsomes in vitro: aromatic hydroxylation and irreversible protein binding of metabolites.

Journal Clinical Endocrinol Metabolism

1974 Dec39(6):1072-80. doi: 10.1210/jcem-39-6-1072

PMID: 4214831 DOI: 10.1210/jcem-39-6-1072

Schrag M.L., Cui D., Rushmore T.H., Shou M., Ma B., Rodrigues A.D.

Sulfotransferase 1E1 is a low km isoform mediating the 3-O-sulfation of ethinyl estradiol.

Drug Metabolism and Disposition

2004 Nov32(11):1299-303. doi: 10.1124/dmd.32.11.

PMID: 15483196 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.32.11.

Stegeman B.H., Vos H.L., Helmerhorst F.M., Rosendaal F.R., Reitsma P.H., van Hylckama Vlieg A.

Genetic variation in the first-pass metabolism of ethinylestradiol, sex hormone binding globulin levels and venous thrombosis risk.

European Journal Intern Medicine

2017 Jul42:54-60. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2017.05.019. Epub 2017 Jun 1

PMID: 28579309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2017.05.019

Kuhnz W., Pfeffer M., al-Yacoub G.

Protein binding of the contraceptive steroids gestodene, 3-keto-desogestrel and ethinylestradiol in human serum.

Journal Steroid Biochemistry

1990 Feb35(2):313-8. doi: 10.1016/0022-4731(90)90290-9

PMID: 2308344 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(90)90290-9

Hong H., Branham W.S., Ng H.W., Moland C.L., Dial S.L., Fang H., Perkins R., Sheehan D., Tong W.

Human sex hormone-binding globulin binding affinities of 125 structurally diverse chemicals and comparison with their binding to androgen receptor, estrogen receptor, and alpha-fetoprotein.

Toxicology Science

2015 Feb143(2):333-48. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu231. Epub 2014 Oct 27

PMID: 25349334 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu231

Zhang C., Li H., Xiong X., Zhai S., Wei Y., Zhang S., Zhang Y., Xu L., Liu L.

An open-label, two-period comparative study on pharmacokinetics and safety of a combined ethinylestradiol/gestodene transdermal contraceptive patch.

Drug Des Devel Therapeutics

2017 Mar 1011:725-731. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S131123. eCollection 2017

PMID: 28331292 DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S131123

Almstedt H.C., Cook M.M., Bramble L.F., Dabir D.V., LaBrie J.W.

Oral contraceptive use, bone mineral density, and bone turnover markers over 12 months in college-aged females. J Bone Miner Metab. 2020 Jan 25. pii: 10.1007/s00774-019-01081-1.

doi: 10

1007/s00774-019-01081-1

PMID: 31983034 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-019-01081-1

Regidor P.A.

Clinical relevance in present day hormonal contraception.

Horm Molecular Biological Clinical Investig

2018 Oct 2637(1). pii: /j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2018-0030/hmbci-2018-0030.xml. doi: 10.1515/hmbci-2018-0030

PMID: 30367791 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2018-0030

Sahu A., Tripathy P., Mohanty J., Nagy A.

Doppler analysis of ovarian stromal blood flow changes after treatment with metformin versus ethinyl estradiol-cyproterone acetate in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: A randomized controlled trial.

Journal Gynecology Obstetrics Human Reprod

2019 May48(5):335-339. doi: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2018.10.006. Epub 2018 Oct 11

PMID: 30316907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2018.10.006

ATC classification(25 codes)

ATC G03AA15

ATC G03AA11

ATC L02AA03

ATC G03AA12

ATC G03AA16

ATC G03AB02

ATC G03CA01

ATC G03AA03

ATC G03AA10

ATC G03AB04

ATC G03AB01

ATC G03AB07

ATC G03AA13

ATC G03AA06

ATC G03AA08

ATC G03AA02

ATC G03AA04

ATC G03AA09

ATC G03AB09

ATC G03AA07

ATC G03AB03

ATC G03AA05

ATC G03AB05

ATC G03AB06

ATC G03AA01

Affected organisms(1)

Humans and other mammals

International brands(1)

Experimental properties(4)

External resources(1)

RxList

Protein Data Bank entries(3)

4x1f

4x1g

8ssh

Commercial products(1283)

Chemical identifiers

CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references

Show

Linked compound data from DrugBank Open Data (CC BY-NC 4.0)

Ethinylestradiol

DB00977

CAS number

57-63-6

UNII (FDA)

423D2T571U

InChI Key (molecular fingerprint)

BFPYWIDHMRZLRN-SLHNCBLASA-N

Additional database identifiers

Drugs Product Database (DPD)

7426

ChEBI

4903

PubChem Compound

5991

PubChem Substance

46508618

KEGG Compound

C07534

KEGG Drug

D00554

ChemSpider

5770

BindingDB

50187243

PharmGKB

PA449527

PDB

3WF

Therapeutic Targets Database

DAP001018

Wikipedia

Ethinylestradiol

ChEMBL

CHEMBL691

ZINC

ZINC000003812897

RxCUI

4124

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:3467

GenAtlas

ESR1

GeneCards

ESR1

GenBank Gene Database

X03635

GenBank Protein Database

31234

IUPHAR

620

Guide to Pharmacology

620

UniProtKB

P03372

UniProt Accession

ESR1_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:7968

GenAtlas

NR1I2

GeneCards

NR1I2

GenBank Gene Database

AF061056

GenBank Protein Database

3511138

IUPHAR

606

Guide to Pharmacology

606

UniProtKB

O75469

UniProt Accession

NR1I2_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2637

GenAtlas

CYP3A4

GeneCards

CYP3A4

GenBank Gene Database

M18907

Guide to Pharmacology

1337

UniProtKB

P08684

UniProt Accession

CP3A4_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2622

GenAtlas

CYP2C8

GeneCards

CYP2C8

GenBank Gene Database

M17397

Guide to Pharmacology

1325

UniProtKB

P10632

UniProt Accession

CP2C8_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2623

GenAtlas

CYP2C9

GeneCards

CYP2C9

GenBank Gene Database

AY341248

Guide to Pharmacology

1326

UniProtKB

P11712

UniProt Accession

CP2C9_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2596

GenAtlas

CYP1A2

GeneCards

CYP1A2

GenBank Gene Database

Z00036

Guide to Pharmacology

1319

UniProtKB

P05177

UniProt Accession

CP1A2_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2638

GenAtlas

CYP3A5

GeneCards

CYP3A5

GenBank Gene Database

J04813

GenBank Protein Database

181346

Guide to Pharmacology

1338

UniProtKB

P20815

UniProt Accession

CP3A5_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:12536

GeneCards

UGT1A4

GenBank Gene Database

M57951

GenBank Protein Database

184475

UniProtKB

P22310

UniProt Accession

UD14_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:12535

GeneCards

UGT1A3

GenBank Gene Database

M84127

GenBank Protein Database

340135

UniProtKB

P35503

UniProt Accession

UD13_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:12530

GeneCards

UGT1A1

GenBank Gene Database

M57899

GenBank Protein Database

184473

Guide to Pharmacology

2990

UniProtKB

P22309

UniProt Accession

UD11_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:12541

GeneCards

UGT1A9

GenBank Gene Database

S55985

GenBank Protein Database

7690346

UniProtKB

O60656

UniProt Accession

UD19_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:12554

GeneCards

UGT2B7

GenBank Gene Database

J05428

GenBank Protein Database

340080

UniProtKB

P16662

UniProt Accession

UD2B7_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:11455

GeneCards

SULT1A3

UniProtKB

P0DMM9

UniProt Accession

ST1A3_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:11377

GenAtlas

SULT1E1

GeneCards

SULT1E1

GenBank Gene Database

U08098

GenBank Protein Database

488283

UniProtKB

P49888

UniProt Accession

ST1E1_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2228

GenAtlas

COMT

GeneCards

COMT

GenBank Gene Database

M65212

GenBank Protein Database

180920

Guide to Pharmacology

2472

UniProtKB

P21964

UniProt Accession

COMT_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:2621

GeneCards

CYP2C19

GenBank Gene Database

M61854

GenBank Protein Database

181344

Guide to Pharmacology

1328

UniProtKB

P33261

UniProt Accession

CP2CJ_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:399

GenAtlas

ALB

GeneCards

ALB

GenBank Gene Database

V00494

GenBank Protein Database

28590

UniProtKB

P02768

UniProt Accession

ALBU_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:10839

GenAtlas

SHBG

GeneCards

SHBG

GenBank Gene Database

X16349

GenBank Protein Database

296673

UniProtKB

P04278

UniProt Accession

SHBG_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:42

GenAtlas

ABCB11

GeneCards

ABCB11

GenBank Gene Database

AF091582

GenBank Protein Database

3873243

Guide to Pharmacology

778

UniProtKB

O95342

UniProt Accession

ABCBB_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:10905

GeneCards

SLC10A1

GenBank Gene Database

L21893

GenBank Protein Database

410214

Guide to Pharmacology

959

UniProtKB

Q14973

UniProt Accession

NTCP_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:53

GenAtlas

ABCC2

GeneCards

ABCC2

GenBank Gene Database

U63970

GenBank Protein Database

1764162

Guide to Pharmacology

780

UniProtKB

Q92887

UniProt Accession

MRP2_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:40

GenAtlas

ABCB1

GeneCards

ABCB1

GenBank Gene Database

M14758

GenBank Protein Database

307180

Guide to Pharmacology

768

UniProtKB

P08183

UniProt Accession

MDR1_HUMAN

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

HGNC:10956

GeneCards

SLCO1A2

GenBank Gene Database

U21943

GenBank Protein Database

885978

Guide to Pharmacology

1219

UniProtKB

P46721

UniProt Accession

SO1A2_HUMAN

International reference pricing

4 formulations

Reference pricing from DrugBank. Prices are indicative and may not reflect current UK costs.

From $1.13/tablet

To $140.00/g

Ortho-cyclen 28 tablet

$1.13/tablet

Ortho tri-cyclen lo tablet

$2.68/tablet

Ortho-Cyclen (28) 28 0.25-35 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack

$38.99/disp

Ethinyl estradiol powder

$140.00/g

Source: DrugBank. Used under CC BY-NC 4.0 academic licence for non-commercial purposes.

Patent information

19 active patents, 26 expired

12178824

United States

Approved 24 Jun 2021 · Expires 24 Jun 2041

15y 2m

10918649

United States

Approved 16 Feb 2021 · Expires 21 Jun 2039

13y 2m

10925882

United States

Approved 23 Feb 2021 · Expires 21 Jun 2039

13y 2m

10940157

United States

Approved 9 Mar 2021 · Expires 21 Jun 2039

13y 2m

11529308

United States

Approved 20 Dec 2022 · Expires 21 Jun 2039

13y 2m

The earliest active patent expires June 2027. Generic versions may become available after this date.

Source: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0. Patent data sourced from national patent offices. Expiry dates may not reflect extensions, regulatory exclusivity periods, or legal challenges.

DrugBank citations

If you use DrugBank data in your research, please cite the following publications:

Knox C., Wilson M., Klinger C.M., et al

DrugBank 6.

0: the DrugBank Knowledgebase for 2024

Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 552(D1):D1265-D1275

PMID: 37953279

Wishart D.S., Feunang Y.D., Guo A.C., et al

DrugBank 5.

0: a major update to the DrugBank database for 2018

Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Nov 846(D1):D1074-D1082

PMID: 29126136

Show earlier publications

Law V., Knox C., Djoumbou Y., et al

DrugBank 4.

0: shedding new light on drug metabolism

Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jan 142(1):D1091-7

PMID: 24203711

Knox C., Law V., Jewison T., et al

DrugBank 3.

0: a comprehensive resource for 'omics' research on drugs

Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan39(Database issue):D1035-41

PMID: 21059682

Wishart D.S., Knox C., Guo A.C., et al

DrugBank: a knowledgebase for drugs, drug actions and drug targets.

Nucleic Acids Research

2008 Jan36(Database issue):D901-6

PMID: 18048412

Wishart D.S., Knox C., Guo A.C., et al

DrugBank: a comprehensive resource for in silico drug discovery and exploration.

Nucleic Acids Research

2006 Jan 134(Database issue):D668-72

PMID: 16381955

Source: go.drugbank.comCC BY-NC 4.0

Updated 27 days ago(8 Mar 2026)

Back to medicines

Ethinylestradiol 5microgram capsules

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Ethinylestradiol

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Ethinylestradiol 5microgram capsules

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Ethinylestradiol

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