Efalizumab 125mg powder and solvent for solution for injection vials
Humanized IgG1 kappa isotype monoclonal antibody that binds to human CD11a.
Official documents, adverse reaction reporting, and safety monitoring
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Safety monitoring data
Yellow Card reports
The MHRA Yellow Card scheme collects reports of suspected side effects from healthcare professionals and patients. View the Drug Analysis Profile (iDAP) for real-world adverse reaction data.
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Suspected adverse reactions reported for Efalizumab
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Submit a Yellow Card report to the MHRA
Data from the MHRA Yellow Card scheme. A reported reaction does not necessarily mean the medicine caused it. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
EudraVigilance
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) collects suspected adverse reaction reports from across the EU/EEA through the EudraVigilance system. Search for safety data on this medicine.
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Suspected adverse reactions reported for Efalizumab
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EudraVigilance data is published by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). A suspected adverse reaction is not necessarily caused by the medicine.
1 branded products available
WHO defined daily dose (DDD)
10 mg
Not a recommended dose. The DDD is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults. It is a statistical measure used for research and comparison purposes only.
Source: WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, distributed via the NHS dm+d supplementary BNF/ATC mapping files (NHSBSA). Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Therapeutically similar medicines
Similarity is based on WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and on a factual NHS dm+d therapeutic-grouping code prefix. Source data: NHS dm+d via TRUD (OGL v3.0), WHO ATC/DDD Index.
NHS prescribing volume and spending trends
Guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
NICE clinical guidance(7)
Etanercept and efalizumab for treating moderate to severe plaque psoriasis (TA103)
Adalimumab for treating moderate to severe plaque psoriasis (TA146)
Infliximab for treating moderate to severe plaque psoriasis (TA134)
Etanercept, infliximab and adalimumab for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis (TA199)
Ustekinumab for treating moderate to severe plaque psoriasis (TA180)
Ixekizumab for treating moderate to severe plaque psoriasis (TA442)
Tildrakizumab for treating moderate to severe plaque psoriasis (TA575)
Source: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Check stock at pharmacies and supply information
Pharmacy stock checkers
Search for this medicine at major UK pharmacy chains. These links open the retailer's own website — results depend on their current online catalogue.
Supply & safety information
Official UK regulator monitoring and safety alerts
Pharmacy links redirect to the retailer's own search and do not represent real-time stock levels. Shortage and safety information sourced from MHRA drug safety updates (gov.uk, Crown Copyright under OGL v3.0).
Codes for healthcare professionals and prescribing systems
These codes are used by healthcare IT systems and prescribers to identify this medicine.
NHS UK identifiers
Browse tools
SNOMED CT and dm+d codes from NHS TRUD (Technology Reference data Update Distribution), licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. BNF code shown is the factual mapping value distributed by NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA) in the dm+d supplementary file under OGL v3.0; it is not affiliated with, nor licensed from, the publishers of the British National Formulary. ATC codes from the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (whocc.no).
Active and completed clinical studies from ClinicalTrials.gov
Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Data accessed via ClinicalTrials.gov API v2. Trial information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.
Academic studies and reviews for this medicine's active substance
Showing the 50 most relevant studies.
Reviews & meta-analyses: 28 · Randomised trials: 7 · 2002–2023
Showing the 50 most relevant studies, sorted by most relevant.
Nerys Woolacott, Neil Hawkins, Anne Mason, et al.
Health Technology Assessment, 2006
- Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Etanercept
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
K. Gordon, K. Papp, T. Hamilton, et al.
JAMA, 2003
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Dermatologic Agents
- Psoriasis
C. Leonardi, K. Papp, K. Gordon, et al.
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2005
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Dermatologic Agents
- Immunologic Factors
F. Vincenti, R. Mendez, M. Pescovitz, et al.
American Journal of Transplantation, 2007
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Graft Rejection
- Injections, Subcutaneous
L. Dubertret, W. Sterry, J. Bos, et al.
British Journal of Dermatology, 2006
- Analysis of Variance
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Immunosuppressive Agents
A. K. Brimhall, L. King, J. Licciardone, et al.
British Journal of Dermatology, 2008
- Etanercept
- Infliximab
- Alefacept
Kenneth R. Carson, Daniele Focosi, Eugene O. Major, et al.
The Lancet Oncology, 2009
- Rituximab
- Natalizumab
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
Zou A, Chen Y, Shi N, et al.
2021
- Herpes Zoster
- Arthritis, Psoriatic
- Antirheumatic Agents
BackgroundBiological therapy is effective for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis; however, adverse effects related to immunosuppression, such as viral infections, have been reported. Amongst these infections, herpes zoster (HZ) is common.ObjectiveTo evaluate the risk of HZ in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis patients treated with biological therapy.Data sourcesA comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science was performed using certain keywords until October 9, 2020. Nine studies were included after a detailed assessment.Study eligibility criteriaThe eligibility criteria included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies of patients with psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis treated with biological therapies; compared with non-biological therapies, non-biological systemic therapies, or controls; with the incidence of HZ reported in case and control groups. The Cochrane risk of bias tool and Newcastle-Ottawa scale were used to assess the quality of the RCTs and observational studies, respectively. Data were extracted from 9 eligible studies and then analyzed using Stata software (Version 12.0).ResultsThe risk of HZ in biological therapies was higher than that in non-biological (odds ratios [OR]: 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18-1.86; I2 = 0%) and non-biological systemic (OR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.02-1.71; I2 = 0%) therapies. Furthermore, the risk of HZ associated with tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors increased significantly (OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.11-2.02; I2 = 0%). Notably, infliximab (OR: 2.43; 95% CI: 1.31-4.50; I2 = 0%) and etanercept (OR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.07-2.56; I2 = 0%) increased the risk of HZ, while adalimumab (OR: 1.21; 95% CI: 0.64-2.30; I2 = 0%), ustekinumab (OR: 2.20; 95% CI: 0.89-5.44; I2 = 0%), alefacept (OR: 1.46; 95% CI: 0.20-10.47; I2 = 0%), and efalizumab (OR: 1.58; 95% CI: 0.22-11.34; I2 = 0%) did not.LimitationsFew RCTs have reported HZ incidents; thus, our results require confirmation via large-scale RCTs.Conclusions and implications of key findingsBiological therapies, especially tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors, may lead to the risk of HZ in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis patients. Amongst these agents, infliximab and etanercept have been shown to significantly increase the risk of HZ. Additionally, younger age and female sex may be risk factors.Systematic review registration numberINPLASY202110027.
Abstract licence: CC BY-NC
Alan Menter, Mark Kosinski, Brian W. Bresnahan, et al.
PubMed, 2004
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Psoriasis
- Quality of Life
Craig L. Leonardi, Darryl Toth, Jennifer Clay Cather, et al.
Dermatology, 2006
Sources: aggregated from Europe PMC (EMBL-EBI), OpenAlex, Crossref, PubMed and other open scholarly databases. Retracted articles are excluded. Study information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.
Pharmacology and chemical data from DrugBank
Key facts
Drug status
Approved
Major interactions
None known
Half-life
5 days
Mechanism
Efalizumab binds to CD11a, a subunit of leukocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-1), which is expressed on all leukocytes.
Food interactions
None known
Human targets
2 targets
Data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Pharmacokinetics at a glance
Absorption
30 to 50%
Half-life
5 days
Pharmacokinetic data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Known interactions with other medications. Always consult a healthcare professional.
Showing 50 of 681 interactions
How the body processes this drug — absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
Proteins and enzymes this drug interacts with in the body
It is especially important in monocyte adhesion and chemotaxis
PMID:11812992 PMID:15528364
Integrin ITGAL/ITGB2 is a receptor for the secreted form of ubiquitin-like protein ISG15; the interaction is mediated by ITGAL .
PMID:29100055
Involved in a variety of immune phenomena including leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction, cytotoxic T-cell mediated killing, and antibody dependent killing by granulocytes and monocytes. Contributes to natural killer cell cytotoxicity .
PMID:15356110
Involved in leukocyte adhesion and transmigration of leukocytes including T-cells and neutrophils .
PMID:11812992
Acts as a platform at the immunological synapse to translate TCR engagement and density of the ITGAL ligand ICAM1 into graded adhesion .
PMID:38195629
Required for generation of common lymphoid progenitor cells in bone marrow, indicating a role in lymphopoiesis (By similarity).
Integrin ITGAL/ITGB2 in association with ICAM3, contributes to apoptotic neutrophil phagocytosis by macrophages PMID:23775590
ATC L04AG02
Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
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Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
Linked compound data from DrugBank Open Data (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Efalizumab
Additional database identifiers
Drugs Product Database (DPD)
13093
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6152
GeneCards
ITGAX
UniProt Accession
ITAX_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6148
GenAtlas
ITGAL
GeneCards
ITGAL
GenBank Gene Database
Y00796
GenBank Protein Database
31422
Guide to Pharmacology
2451
UniProt Accession
ITAL_HUMAN
DrugBank citations
If you use DrugBank data in your research, please cite the following publications:
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Structured knowledge from the free knowledge base
ATC classifications (Wikidata)
Linked open data from Wikidata (Q418270), a free and open knowledge base operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Data is available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication. WHO INN from the World Health Organization.