Dithranol 0.1% in Zinc and Salicylic acid paste

Phytopathogen caused loss of global crop production of 16% and up to 25% in developing countries. Among them, fungi accounted for the highest ratio value with 42%, which direct reduced crop yield and quality. Nanotechnology can be applied to crop protection to build sustainable agricultural production. Polymers (gum, mucilage, chitosan) are naturally derived, readily available, inexpensive, convertible, and biodegradable, which could be combined with nanotechnology to enhance their properties and benefit. In this review, ionic gelation is more popular than nanoprecipitation, emulsion, γ-rays irradiation, and chemical reduction methods in preparing nanocomposites-based polymers in the management of fungal diseases in crop production. The chitosan was often dominated among the polymers. Moreover, the chitosan can be applied as chitosan nanoparticles or combined with an active ingredient (saponin, copper, silver, zinc, titanium dioxide, ethanolic blueberry extract, methanol of nanche extract, Mentha longifolia extract, Cymbopogon martinii essential oil, Harpin, salicylic acid, Thiamine, hexaconazole, dazomet, hexaconazole-dazomet) to enhance their efficacy in managing plant fungal disease. The fungicide, mental, and plant extracts are often loaded into the chitosan matrix to enhance antifungal and/or physical barrier properties. While phytohormones, vitamins, and mental are often used to stimulate plant disease resistance. And chitosan can be used as an adjuvant in metal/oxide mixture. In recent years, other polymers including polyethylene glycol, nanoliposomes, and poly(L-lactide) have been shown remarkable capabilities including resisting water washing and acting as a membrane filter with antifungal properties. These results show that the nanocomposites based-polymer has the ability to effectively manage plant diseases.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC

Topical therapy as monotherapy is useful in psoriasis patients with mild disease. Topical agents are also used as adjuvant for moderate-to-severe disease who are being concurrently treated with either ultraviolet light or systemic medications. Emollients are useful adjuncts to the treatment of psoriasis. Use of older topical agents such as anthralin and coal tar has declined over the years. However, they are cheaper and can still be used for the treatment of difficult psoriasis refractory to conventional treatment. Salicylic acid can be used in combination with other topical therapies such as topical corticosteroids (TCS) and calcineurin inhibitors for the treatment of thick limited plaques to increase the absorption of the latter into the psoriatic plaques. Low- to mid-potent TCS are used in facial/flexural psoriasis and high potent over palmoplantar/thick psoriasis lesions. The addition of noncorticosteroid treatment can also facilitate the avoidance of long-term daily TCS. Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus can be used for the treatment of facial and intertriginous psoriasis. Tazarotene is indicated for stable plaque psoriasis usually in combination with other therapies such as TCS. Vitamin D analogs alone in combination with TCS are useful in stable plaques over limbs and palmoplantar psoriasis. Topical therapies for scalp psoriasis include TCS, Vitamin D analogs, salicylic acid, coal tar, and anthralin in various formulations such as solutions, foams, and shampoos. TCS, vitamin D analogs, and tazarotene can be used in the treatment of nail psoriasis.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-SA