Didecyldimethylammonium chloride 1% liquid

Hormesis, or the hormetic effect, is a dose- or concentration-dependent response characterised by growth stimulation at low concentrations and inhibition at high concentrations. The impact of sub-lethal levels of disinfectants on the growth of Serratia species is critical to understanding the increasing number of outbreaks caused by this pathogen in healthcare settings. Serratia sp. HRI and Serratia marcescens ATCC 13880 were cultivated in sub-lethal levels of benzalkonium chloride (BAC), Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), and VirukillTM. The maximum specific growth rates, doubling times, and cell counts were compared. The results revealed significant increases in maximum specific growth rates and shorter doubling times for Serratia sp. HRI when cultivated in sub-lethal levels of BAC and DDAC. The significant stimulatory effect of sub-lethal levels of these disinfectants for Serratia sp. HRI represents the first time hormesis has been observed in a Gram-negative bacterium for any disinfectant. Furthermore, this study is the first to observe the hormetic effect after treatment with DDAC and the second study to date analysing the impact of sub-lethal levels of disinfectants on the growth of bacterial species.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Lithium-ion portable batteries (LiPBs) contain valuable elements such as cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), lithium (Li) and manganese (Mn), which can be recovered through solid–liquid extraction using choline chloride-based Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and bi-functional ionic liquids (ILs). This study was carried out to investigate the extraction of metals from solid powder, black mass (BM), obtained from LiPBs, with various solvents used: six choline chloride-based DESs in combination with organic acids: lactic acid (1:2, DES 1), malonic acid (1:1, DES 2), succinic acid (1:1, DES 3), glutaric acid (1:1, DES 4) and citric acid (1:1, DES 5 and 2:1, DES 6). Various additives, such as didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDACl) surfactant, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA), sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), pentapotassium bis(peroxymonosulphate) bis(sulphate) (PHM), (glycine + H2O2) or (glutaric acid + H2O2) were used. The best efficiency of metal extraction was obtained with the mixture of {DES 2 + 15 g of glycine + H2O2} in two-stage extraction at pH = 3, T = 333 K, 2 h. In order to obtain better extraction efficiency towards Co, Ni, Li and Mn (100%) and for Cu (75%), the addition of glycine was used. The obtained extraction results using choline chloride-based DESs were compared with those obtained with three bi-functional ILs: didecyldimethylammonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinate, [N10,10,1,1][Cyanex272], didecyldimethylammonium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, [N10,10,1,1][D2EHPA], and trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinate, [P6,6,6,14][Cyanex272]/toluene. The results of the extraction of all metal ions with these bi-functional ILs were only at the level of 35–50 wt%. The content of metal ions in aqueous and stripped organic solutions was determined by ICP-OES. In this work, we propose an alternative and highly efficient concept for the extraction of valuable metals from BM of LiPBs using DESs and ILs at low temperatures instead of acid leaching at high temperatures.

Abstract licence: CC BY

In compliance with Article 31 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to prepare a statement on the risk assessment related to the presence of benzalkonium chloride (mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides with alkyl chain lengths of C8, C10, C12, C14, C16 and C18) (BAC), didecyldimethylammonium chloride (mixture of alkyl-quaternary ammonium salts with alkyl chain lengths of C8, C10 and C12) (DDAC) and chlorates in fish and fish products. Within EFSA's annual chemical data collection, EFSA collected monitoring data for the residues of BAC, DDAC and chlorates from EU Member States, Iceland and Norway performed a statistical evaluation, providing estimated residue values for each substance in/on fish and fish products, at the percentile appropriate for the number of the available samples. Based on the information collected, EFSA performed an acute and chronic exposure assessment for EU consumers for BAC, DDAC and chlorates at the lower-bound, medium-bound and upper-bound scenarios resulting from the consumption of fish and fish products. EFSA did not identify potential consumer health risks associated to residues of the substances found in fish and fish products.

Abstract licence: CC BY-ND

High-quality disinfection, a key measure to prevent the spread of infections, is possible only if effective disinfectants are used, which is primarily ensured by the stability of their components. In addition to effectiveness, the stability of a disinfectant also determines the preservation of its antimicrobial activity, safety of use, shelf life, resistance to external factors, expected effect, etc. Under the influence of environmental factors, in particular temperature, humidity, and lighting, processes may occur in unstable disinfectants that lead to changes in their physicochemical properties and, as a result, a decrease in quality. Therefore, stability studies are mandatory to guarantee the effectiveness and safety of disinfectants and their working solutions throughout the entire shelf life. The work aimed to determine the stability of the physical and chemical parameters of the disinfectant “DesA Ultra” and its working solutions during the expected shelf life under the influence of environmental factors and to assess their compliance with the declared characteristics and established standards. According to the results of the conducted research, it was established that the disinfectant “DesA Ultra” series 100121, 120121, and 170121 during the expected shelf life, which was 24 months, was transparent, light yellow, without mechanical inclusions, with a faint specific odor of the components and this fully corresponded to the declared characteristics. The fluctuations in the density, pH, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride and glutaric dialdehyde content detected during the declared shelf life under the influence of environmental factors were at the level of measurement error, did not exceed 10 % and did not go beyond the limits, which were respectively from 1.120 to 1.150 g/cm3, from 3.5 to 6.0, from 6.3 to 7.7 %, from 7.2 to 8.8 % and from 24.3 to 29.7 %. The physicochemical properties of the finished solutions intended for highly dispersed aerosol spraying and for filling disinfectant barriers and wet disinfection of premises and equipment were also stable during the declared shelf life of 7 days, and the content of active substances did not go beyond 10 % of the expected concentrations in the finished solutions. The conducted studies confirmed the proposed two-year shelf life of DezA Ultra and its ready-made solutions for 7 days, provided they are stored in a dry place, away from direct sunlight, at a temperature of 15–35 ℃ and a relative humidity of 45–65 %.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Background and Aim: Effective disinfection is critical for controlling pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms in livestock environments. Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), a quaternary ammonium compound, is widely used due to its strong antimicrobial properties; however, improving its efficacy without increasing toxicity remains a key challenge. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of DDAC in combination with fatty alcohol ethoxylate (FAEO8) and to assess the toxicological safety of the resulting complex preparation. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activity of DDAC, FAEO8, and DDAC–FAEO8 was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Typhimurium using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination, inhibition zone diameter assays, scanning electron microscopy, potassium ion (K⁺) leakage analysis, and membrane potential assays. Toxicological evaluation included acute and sub-acute oral toxicity studies in rats and dermal irritation/corrosion tests in rabbits, conducted in accordance with international and national guidelines. Results: The DDAC–FAEO8 complex exhibited significantly enhanced antimicrobial activity compared to DDAC alone, with MIC reductions of 44.4%, 30.8%, and 26.7% against S. aureus, E. coli, and S. Typhimurium, respectively. At concentrations ≥2× MIC, the complex inhibited >99% of microbial growth and demonstrated prolonged bacteriostatic effects. Microscopic analysis revealed pronounced structural damage and cell lysis, while K⁺ leakage and membrane depolarization assays confirmed disruption of bacterial membrane integrity. FAEO8 alone showed no bactericidal activity but did contribute to changes in membrane permeability. Toxicological assessment indicated that the complex preparation was non-lethal at doses up to 2000 mg/kg, with no significant pathological alterations observed. Subacute exposure showed minimal physiological changes, and dermal testing confirmed that the diluted formulation (40 mg/mL) was non-corrosive, with only mild, reversible irritation. Conclusion: The combination of DDAC with FAEO8 enhances antimicrobial efficacy through membrane disruption mechanisms while maintaining low toxicity. This additive interaction highlights the potential of DDAC–FAEO8 as an effective and safe disinfectant for veterinary applications. Keywords: acute toxicity, antimicrobial activity, disinfectants, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, fatty alcohol ethoxylate, membrane disruption, surfactants, veterinary sanitation.

Abstract licence: CC BY