Cystine 500mg capsules

Heterodimer with SLC3A2, that functions as an antiporter by mediating the exchange of extracellular anionic L-cystine and intracellular L-glutamate across the cellular plasma membrane .
PMID:11133847 PMID:11417227 PMID:14722095 PMID:15151999 PMID:34880232 PMID:35245456 PMID:35352032

Provides L-cystine for the maintenance of the redox balance between extracellular L-cystine and L-cysteine and for the maintenance of the intracellular levels of glutathione that is essential for cells protection from oxidative stress (By similarity). The transport is sodium-independent, electroneutral with a stoichiometry of 1:1, and is drove by the high intracellular concentration of L-glutamate and the intracellular reduction of L-cystine .
PMID:11133847 PMID:11417227
In addition, mediates the import of L-kynurenine leading to anti-ferroptotic signaling propagation required to maintain L-cystine and glutathione homeostasis .
PMID:35245456
Moreover, mediates N-acetyl-L-cysteine uptake into the placenta leading to subsequently down-regulation of pathways associated with oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis .
PMID:34120018
In vitro can also transport L-aspartate .
PMID:11417227
May participate in astrocyte and meningeal cell proliferation during development and can provide neuroprotection by promoting glutathione synthesis and delivery from non-neuronal cells such as astrocytes and meningeal cells to immature neurons (By similarity). Controls the production of pheomelanin pigment directly (By similarity)

Cystine/H(+) symporter that mediates export of cystine, the oxidized dimer of cysteine, from lysosomes .
PMID:11689434 PMID:15128704 PMID:18337546 PMID:22232659 PMID:29467429 PMID:33208952 PMID:36113465

Plays an important role in melanin synthesis by catalyzing cystine export from melanosomes, possibly by inhibiting pheomelanin synthesis .
PMID:22649030
In addition to cystine export, also acts as a positive regulator of mTORC1 signaling in kidney proximal tubular cells, via interactions with components of the v-ATPase and Ragulator complexes .
PMID:36113465
Also involved in small GTPase-regulated vesicle trafficking and lysosomal localization of LAMP2A, independently of cystine transporter activity (By similarity)