Co-simalcite 125mg/500mg/5ml oral suspension sugar free

BackgroundInfestation with the human head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) occurs worldwide. Existing treatment options are limited, and reports of resistance to commonly used pediculicides have been increasing. In this trial we assessed the efficacy of a product containing a high (92%) concentration of the silicone oil dimeticone (identical in composition to NYDA®), as compared to a 1% permethrin lotion.MethodsRandomized, controlled, observer blinded clinical trial. Participants were recruited from a poor urban neighbourhood in Brazil where pediculosis capitis was highly prevalent. To minimize reinfestation during the trial, participants (145 children aged 5–15 years with head lice infestations) were transferred to a holiday resort outside the endemic area for a period of 9 days. Two applications of dimeticone or 1% permethrin were done, seven days apart. Outcome measures were defined as cure (absence of vital head lice) after first application and before and after second applications, degree of itching, cosmetic acceptability, and clinical pathology.ResultsOverall cure rates were: day 2 – dimeticone 94.5% (95% CI: 86.6% – 98.5%) and permethrin 66.7% (95% CI: 54.6% – 77.3%; p < 0.0001); day 7 – dimeticone 64.4% (95% CI: 53.3% – 75.3%) and permethrin 59.7% (95% CI: 47.5% – 71.1%; p = 0.5); day 9 – dimeticone 97.2% (95% CI: 90.3% – 99.7%) and permethrin 67.6% (95% CI: 55.4%-78.2%); p < 0.0001). Itching was reduced similarly in both groups. Cosmetic acceptability was significantly better in the dimeticone group as compared to the permethrin group (p = 0.01). Two mild product-related incidents occurred in the dimeticone group.ConclusionThe dimeticone product is a safe and highly efficacious pediculicide. Due to its physical mode of action (interruption of the lice's oxygen supply of the central nervous system), development of resistance is unlikely.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN15117709.

Abstract licence: CC BY 2.0

MgO contained in cementitious materials is experimentally observed to precipitate as poorly crystalline hydrotalcite (Mg-Al LDH). However, the geochemical modelling of hydrotalcite is challenging due to the lack of consistent thermodynamic dataset for this phase. Hydrotalcites with Mg/Al = 2 were synthesised in the presence of NaHCO3, NaCl, Na2SO4, NaNO3, and NaOH. Mass balance, XRD and FT-IR indicated the incorporation of the anions in the interlayer together with some carbonate. The crystallinity of the phase increased depending on the anion: SO42− < Cl− < NO3− < OH− < CO32−. An in-situ increase of temperature monitored by XRD and TGA showed that the stability of the hydrotalcite structure with temperature also depended on the incorporated anion. The solubility products were calculated based on the solution analysis of samples re-equilibrated at different temperatures, while the entropy and heat capacity were obtained from the additivity method or the molar volume. A simple solid-solution model for hydrotalcite containing CO3, OH, SO4, Cl and NO3 is suggested.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Nickel-containing hydrotalcite-derived materials have been recently proposed as promising materials for methane dry reforming (DRM). Based on a literature review and on the experience of the authors, this review focuses on presenting past and recent achievements on increasing activity and stability of hydrotalcite-based materials for DRM. The use of different NiMgAl and NiAl hydrotalcite (HT) precursors, various methods for nickel introduction into HT structure, calcination conditions and promoters are discussed. HT-derived materials containing nickel generally exhibit high activity in DRM; however, the problem of preventing catalyst deactivation by coking, especially below 700 °C, is still an open question. The proposed solutions in the literature include: catalyst regeneration either in oxygen atmosphere or via hydrogasification; or application of various promoters, such as Zr, Ce or La, which was proven to enhance catalytic stability.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Tungiasis, a World Health Organization neglected tropical disease, is caused by the female sand flea. Most clinical trials for tungiasis use expensive or impractical drugs, which are difficult for residents to use. However, in western Kenya, communities successfully treat tungiasis with sodium carbonate. We hypothesise that the topical risk-difference of 5% sodium carbonate is no more than 10% non-inferior to dimeticone (NYDA®) for tungiasis treatment. This is a protocol for a non-inferiority study, which will be randomised and with an observer-blinded control. The study will have two arms: 5% sodium carbonate and NYDA®, one on each foot, and will take place at state primary schools in Homa Bay County, Kenya. Fleas identified among school children aged 8–14 years with sand-flea lesions will be enrolled in the study. For each participant, the viability of the embedded fleas, clinical signs including inflammation, and symptoms will be monitored for seven days after treatment. The proportion of dead fleas will be compared in the primary analysis. All adverse events will be monitored throughout the study period. We expect to identify the most effective treatment between sodium carbonate and NYDA® for tungiasis, which can be adopted in the community.

Abstract licence: CC BY 4.0

Background Tungiasis is a cutaneous parasitosis caused by the female flea Tunga penetrans. Two-component dimeticone (NYDA) is the only treatment for tungiasis recommended by the World Health Organization; however, this topical drug is not available in Kenya. In Western Kenya, sodium carbonate is commonly used in the treatment of tungiasis. This study evaluated the 7-day cure rates for tungiasis by comparing sodium carbonate and NYDA treatments in Homa Bay County, Kenya. Methodology/Principal findings This was a randomized, observer-blinded, parallel-treatment cohort trial. Twenty-three eligible children with 126 flea infections were matched and randomized. All participants received both treatments, with one treatment on each foot. We recorded all health conditions/information, including inflammation scores and adverse events. Observations were performed on days 3, 5, and 7 using a digital microscope to confirm dead or live fleas based on the viability signs. Twenty-three children aged 3–13 years were analyzed. The proportion of dead fleas on day 7 was higher after NYDA treatment than after 5% sodium carbonate treatment (87% versus 64%, respectively, P = 0.01) NYDA. Median survival was 5 days for both treatments; NYDA had significantly higher trend of flea non-viability rate than 5% sodium carbonate (P<0.01). There were no significant differences in the inflammation score or pain/itchiness between the two treatments. On the last day, 14 children indicated their preference for NYDA in future treatment of tungiasis, whereas nine children preferred the 5% sodium carbonate solution. Conclusions/Significance NYDA was significantly more effective than 5% sodium carbonate for tungiasis treatment. Both treatments were safe but the children preferred NYDA more. Future studies with more participants and an extended observation period are warranted to confirm our findings. The findings suggest that NYDA should be made more available in tungiasis endemic area. Trial registration UMIN-CTR; UMIN 000044320

Abstract licence: CC BY 4.0

Abstract Background Tungiasis is a cutaneous parasitic disease caused by the female flea Tunga penetrans. The World Health Organization recommends two-component dimeticone (NYDA®) as the sole treatment for tungiasis; however, this topical medication is not available in Kenya. In western Kenya, sodium carbonate has been adopted as a traditional village-based treatment. A pilot study found that the proportion of dead fleas on day 7 was higher with NYDA® treatment than that with 5% sodium carbonate treatment (87% vs. 64%, respectively). This study was aimed at assessing the 11-day cure rates of tungiasis by comparing the efficacy of sodium carbonate and NYDA® treatments in Vihiga County, Kenya. Methods A randomised, observer-blinded, non-inferiority trial was conducted, with the non-inferiority margin set at 10%. A total of 160 eligible children with 941 flea infections were matched and randomised. The number of lesions per child per foot ranged from 1 to 10, with a median of 5 lesions. Each participant received both treatments, with one treatment applied to each foot. Health conditions, including inflammation scores and adverse events, were recorded. Observations were recorded on days 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 using a digital microscope to determine flea viability. Results Data from 157 children aged 4–15 years were analysed, comprising a total of 843 lesions. On day 11, the proportion of dead fleas was 88% for NYDA® and 77% for 5% sodium carbonate solution (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in inflammation scores or symptoms such as pain and itchiness between the two treatments. Conclusions This study demonstrated that 5% sodium carbonate did not meet the non-inferiority margin compared with NYDA® in treating tungiasis. Nevertheless, in settings where NYDA® is not accessible, it may still be considered an alternative. Trial registration This study was registered with UMIN-CTR (Trial ID: UMIN000044320; reception desk number: R000050621) on 28 May 2021.

Abstract licence: CC BY 4.0

Background Malathion 0.5% has been the most prescribed pediculicide in the United Kingdom for around 10 years, and is widely used in Europe and North America. Anecdotal reports suggest malathion treatments are less effective than formerly, but this has not been confirmed clinically. This study was designed to determine whether malathion is still effective and if 4% dimeticone lotion is a more effective treatment for head louse infestation. Methodology/Principal Findings We designed this study as an assessor blinded, randomised, controlled, parallel group trial involving 58 children and 15 adults with active head louse infestation. Each participant received two applications 7 days apart of either 4% dimeticone lotion, applied for 8 hours or overnight, or 0.5% malathion liquid applied for 12 hours or overnight. All treatment and check-up visits were conducted in participants' homes. Cure of infestation was defined as no evidence of head lice after the second treatment. Some people were found free from lice but later reinfested. Worst case, intention to treat, analysis found dimeticone was significantly more effective than malathion, with 30/43 (69.8%) participants cured using dimeticone compared with 10/30 (33.3%) using malathion (p<0.01, difference 36.4%, 95% confidence interval 14.7% to 58.2%). Per protocol analysis showed cure rates of 30/39 (76.9%) and 10/29 (34.5%) respectively. Irritant reactions were observed in only two participants, both treated with malathion. Conclusions/Significance We concluded that, although malathion liquid is still effective for some people, dimeticone lotion offers a significantly more effective alternative treatment for most people. Trial Registration Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN47755726

Abstract licence: CC BY 4.0