Citric acid monohydrate 334mg/5ml / Potassium citrate monohydrate 550mg/5ml / Sodium citrate dihydrate 500mg/5ml oral solution

PurposeTo evaluate the potential stone-preventative effects of apple cider vinegar (ACV) supplementation on 24-h urinary citrate, pH, and volume.MethodsWe performed a randomized crossover trial testing ACV, coconut water, lemon water, and orange soda. Participants were non-stone formers randomized to two of the four beverages. Participants consumed one assigned beverage daily for one week, underwent a two-week washout period, and then consumed the second assigned beverage. Three 24-h urine collections were planned: one baseline collection prior to beverage consumption, one following completion of the first treatment week, and one following completion of the second week.ResultsTwenty participants were enrolled. Eight were female. Six consumed ACV, six coconut water, eight lemon water, and six diet orange soda. ACV did not significantly change 24-h urinary parameters. Coconut water (+ 273.8 mg/24 h, 95% CI 67.9-480 mg/24 h) and lemon water (+ 167.7 mg/24 h, 95% CI 16-319 mg/24 h) were associated with increased urinary citrate. Effects on urine pH and volume were not significant in any treatment arms.ConclusionACV did not significantly change 24-h urine parameters. Coconut water and lemon water increased urinary citrate. Further study is necessary to validate these findings in a larger cohort. Registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04073719, 8/28/2019).

Abstract licence: CC BY

Hypertension represents a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. As a diet high in sodium chloride is associated with hypertension, so-called "blood pressure salts" are attracting increasing scientific interest. These are characterized by a partial replacement of sodium chloride by other salts, mainly potassium and magnesium compounds. The aim of this review is to evaluate the bioavailability of potassium and magnesium salts as dietary supplements and to identify potential sodium chloride substitutes. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed database using the PICO scheme. Randomized controlled trials in healthy adults investigating the bioavailability of defined potassium/magnesium salts were included. Potassium chloride and potassium citrate showed good bioavailability irrespective of the route of administration and dose. Magnesium citrate and magnesium chloride showed good bioavailability while magnesium oxide was poorly bioavailable. This may be partly due to its poor solubility in water. The results indicate that potassium chloride and potassium citrate as well as magnesium citrate and chloride are suitable for the use as salt substitutes and for increasing potassium and magnesium intake in addition to reducing sodium. Due to its poor water solubility and consequently low bioavailability magnesium oxide is less suitable.

Abstract licence: CC BY