Chloroquine sulfate 68mg/5ml oral solution

BACKGROUND: Before WHO revoked the emergency use authorization for Chloroquine (CQ) and Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) because of their side effects, it was suggested to use these two drugs for COVID-19 therapy. In addition, another derivate of quinine, namely Quinine Sulfate (QS), showed good in silico and in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. Prior the WHO revocation, this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of QS in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients.METHODS: This was an adaptive, controlled, multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial involving mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients in Indonesia. The participants were divided into 2 groups: the control group (standard COVID-19 treatment + placebo) and the treatment group (standard COVID-19 treatment + QS). The primary outcome was the efficacy of QS based on clinical status using a 7-point ordinal scale. The secondary outcomes were the efficacy of QS in terms of the incidence and duration of oxygen supplementation, incidence of mechanical ventilation, and length of stay.RESULTS: No significant difference in the efficacy parameters studied was found between the control group and the treatment group. The difference in the mean oxygen saturation was also measured and the results showed a significant difference where the treatment group had higher mean oxygen saturation than the control group (p=0.001).CONCLUSION: Although not significant, the treatment group showed better therapy outcomes compared to the control group.KEYWORDS: clinical trials, efficacy, quinine, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine

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Incidences of dengue-virus infection are increasing globally. Around 3.90 billion population is at high risk of infection. There is no cure/prevention available. Hence aim of the current review was the evaluation of current development and prospects for the production of safe anti-dengue drugs. The data of review was synthesized by PRISMA. Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria were employed to establish the quality of the literature. Many drugs/compounds have shown promising prospects. Target site of these drugs on dengue virus were inhibition of replication (N-sulfonyl peptide-hybrids, milk-exosomes, sunitinib, schisandrin-A, cavinafungin, minocycline, 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide, Goniothalamus umbrosus, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Morus alba, statins), protease-enzyme (Thiazolidinone-peptide, nelfinavir, carnosine, 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)- one and 1,3,4-oxadiazole), capsid-protein (Juglanin and silymarin), NS4B-gene (Desatinib), entry-in-host-cell (Duramycin, glycodendrimers, curdlan sulfate), RNA-capping (Lanatoside-C), fusion (Chloroquine) and NS3-helicase (Suramina). Many compounds/drugs are found effective by targeting the structural proteins of the dengue virus to use as a therapy in the future.

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is currently the largest and most serious health crisis in the world. There is no definitive treatment for COVID-19. Vaccine administration has begun in various countries, but no vaccine is 100% effective. Some people are not protected after vaccination, and there are some groups of people who cannot be vaccinated therefore, research on COVID-19 treatment still needs to be done. Of the several drugs under study, chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are quite controversial, although they have good activity against SARS-CoV-2, both drugs have serious side effects. Indonesia with its wealth of natural ingredients has one potential compound, quinine sulfate (QS), which has the same structure and activity as CQ and HCQ and a better safety profile. The aim of this article was to review the potential of QS against the SARS-Cov-2 virus and outline its safety profile. We conclude that QS has the potential to be developed as a COVID-19 treatment with a better safety profile than that of CQ and HCQ.

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Organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3), at the basolateral membrane of kidney proximal tubule cells, facilitates the elimination of numerous widely used drugs. Earlier investigation from our laboratory revealed that ubiquitin conjugation to OAT3 leads to OAT3 internalization from the cell surface, followed by degradation in the proteasome. In the current study, we examined the roles of chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), two well-known anti-malarial drugs, in their action as proteasome inhibitors and their effects on OAT3 ubiquitination, expression, and function. We showed that in cells treated with CQ and HCQ, the ubiquitinated OAT3 was considerably enhanced, which correlated well with a decrease in 20S proteasome activity. Furthermore, in CQ- and HCQ-treated cells, OAT3 expression and OAT3-mediated transport of estrone sulfate, a prototypical substrate, were significantly increased. Such increases in OAT3 expression and transport activity were accompanied by an increase in the maximum transport velocity and a decrease in the degradation rate of the transporter. In conclusion, this study unveiled a novel role of CQ and HCQ in enhancing OAT3 expression and transport activity by preventing the degradation of ubiquitinated OAT3 in proteasomes.

Abstract licence: CC BY