Chloroform and Morphine tincture

Background/Objectives: In the current opioid crisis, medical hypnosis has been proposed as an alternative to opioids to control acute and chronic pain. The aim of this study was to use a meta-analysis to conduct an objective assessment of the value of medical hypnosis for the management of acute and chronic pain and opioid consumption. Methods: An initial PubMed search showed 111 relevant studies out of 1115. Twelve randomized controlled studies (RCTs) were identified, published from January 2014 to December 2024, focusing on acute and chronic pain. These RCTs were analyzed to compare the effects of medical hypnosis vs. standard care. Results: The use of medical hypnosis for acute pain was found to decrease pain by 0.54 standard deviations (SD) compared to the standard care, and the effect was medium and statistically significant (95% CI [0.19-0.90]; p = 0.0024). Oral morphine equivalents (OME) in the hypnosis group were 1.5 SD lower than in the placebo group, which was statistically significant (95% CI [0.12, 2.88]; p = 0.03). Unlike the effectiveness of hypnosis for acute pain treatment, hypnosis was not found to have any impact on the treatment of chronic pain. The mean pain value difference in the hypnosis group had little effect and showed a statistically insignificant result-a Hedges' g score of 0.07 (95% CI [-0.14-0.27]; p = 0.518). Conclusions: The use of medical hypnosis was associated with a statistically significant decrease in acute pain scores and OME, suggesting it is a potential alternative to opioids, but our analysis indicates that hypnosis does not reduce chronic pain.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil) has been considered a narcotic drug for years, barred by the law in many parts of the world, while extensive research over the past few decades proves its several beneficial effects, some of which are still in ambiguity. In many countries, including Thailand, the indiscriminate use and abuse of kratom have led to the loss of life. Nonetheless, researchers have isolated almost fifty pure compounds from kratom, most of which are alkaloids. The most prevalent compounds, mitragynine and 7-hydroxy mitragynine, are reported to display agonist morphine-like effects on human μ-opioid receptors and antagonists at κ- and δ-opioid receptors with multimodal effects at other central receptors. Mitragynine is also credited to be one of the modulatory molecules for the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway and SOD, CAT, GST, and associated genes' upregulatory cascades, leading it to play a pivotal role in neuroprotective actions while evidently causing neuronal disorders at high doses. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antibacterial, and gastroprotective effects are well-cited. In this context, this review focuses on the research gap to resolve ambiguities about the neuronal effects of kratom and demonstrate its prospects as a therapeutic target for neurological disorders associated with other pharmacological effects.

Abstract licence: CC BY