Cetirizine 10mg capsules

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo dental biofilm acidogenicity induced by nine long-term pediatric oral liquid medications (OLMs). A double-blind crossover randomized clinical trial was conducted with 12 individuals aged 18 to 22 years who had good oral hygiene (OSI < 1.1) and a DMFT index of less than 12. Each participant was exposed to nine OLMs and a 10% sucrose solution (positive control) as part of the crossover design. The pH of the dental biofilm was measured with a Beetrode® microelectrode at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the minimum pH and the area under the curve (AUC). One-way ANOVA was utilized, and the significance level was set at 0.05. Pediatric OLMs caused a sucrose-like decrease in biofilm pH, regardless of therapeutic class (p > 0.05). The mean ± standard deviation of the AUC ranged from 16.26 ± 11.59 (cetirizine) to 39.22 ± 20.81 (azithromycin), with no statistically significant difference compared to sucrose (25.22 ± 6.97) (p > 0.05). The findings suggest that pediatric OLMs contribute to dental biofilm acidogenicity, with a more pronounced effect induced by medications used for respiratory diseases and also by antibiotics.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Histamine-mediated allergic reactions are central to the pathogenesis of various allergic disorders, involving complex molecular mechanisms. Cetirizine, a second-generation antihistamine, functions as a potent H1 receptor antagonist and is widely utilized for the management of these conditions. This review comprehensively evaluated the molecular mechanisms underlying histamine release, its interaction with H1 receptors, and the subsequent allergic responses. It also analyzed the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cetirizine, highlighting its high selectivity for H1 receptors and its minimal sedative effects. The clinical efficacy of cetirizine was demonstrated across several allergic conditions, including food allergies, atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and drug-induced hypersensitivities. In these contexts, cetirizine reduced histamine-mediated symptoms, such as pruritus and inflammation, and improved patient outcomes. Additionally, combination therapies involving cetirizine with other antihistamines, corticosteroids, or biologics were discussed, particularly in refractory or severe allergic cases. Despite its overall safety, this review also highlighted the adverse effects associated with long-term cetirizine use, particularly in special populations such as pediatric, elderly, and patients with renal impairment. Future perspectives emphasize the role of future research on cetirizine in personalized allergy treatment, emerging combination therapies with biologics, and its potential in prophylactic applications.

Abstract licence: CC BY

A 2-year-old boy with suspected lactose intolerance developed an extensive, itchy rash after using a nasal spray containing dexpanthenol. He was initially treated for a viral upper airway infection with ibuprofen, xylometazoline, and cetirizine. A switch to a drug containing dexpanthenol led to the appearance of the rash and subsequent sleep deprivation. No other possible cause of allergy was found. The withdrawal of all drugs but cetirizine led to full recovery. Dexpanthenol, an alcohol analog of vitamin B5, is present in many drugs for its positive impact on tissue repair. Although generally considered safe, it may rarely cause an allergic reaction, hence we underscore the importance of considering dexpanthenol oversensitivity in patients with unexplained widespread rashes, particularly in pediatric cases.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-SA

antihistamine, has been safely used over-the-counter for many years. In 2019, IV cetirizine was approved for the treatment of acute urticaria. In light of this approval, this narrative review discusses the changing landscape of IV antihistamines for the treatment of histamine-mediated conditions. Specifically, IV antihistamines will be discussed as a treatment option for acute urticaria and angioedema, as premedication to prevent infusion reactions related to anticancer agents and other biologics, and as an adjunct treatment for anaphylaxis and other allergic reactions. Before the development of IV cetirizine, randomized controlled trials of IV antihistamines for these indications were lacking. Three randomized controlled trials have been conducted with IV cetirizine versus IV diphenhydramine in the ambulatory care setting. A phase 3 trial of IV cetirizine 10 mg versus IV diphenhydramine 50 mg was conducted in 262 adults who presented to the urgent care/emergency department with acute urticaria requiring antihistamines. For the primary efficacy endpoint, defined as change from baseline in a 2-h patient-rated pruritus score, non-inferiority of IV cetirizine to IV diphenhydramine was demonstrated (score - 1.6 vs - 1.5, respectively; 95% CI - 0.1, 0.3). Compared with IV diphenhydramine, IV cetirizine demonstrated fewer adverse effects including less sedation, a significantly shorter length of stay in the treatment center, and fewer returns to the treatment center at 24 and 48 h. Similar findings were demonstrated in another phase 2 acute urticaria trial and in a phase 2 trial assessing IV cetirizine for pretreatment for infusion reactions in the oncology/immunology setting. IV cetirizine is associated with similar patient outcomes, fewer adverse effects, and increased treatment center efficiency than IV diphenhydramine.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC

Cetirizine is a second-generation antihistamine, derived from the metabolism of hydroxyzine, highly specific for the H1 receptors, and with marked antiallergic properties. Although its history began more than 30 years ago, it remains one of the most used drugs in children with a leading role in the medical care of children with allergic diseases. Cetirizine use is licensed for paediatric patients for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, and chronic spontaneous urticaria, in Europe in children older than 2 years old and in the USA in children older than 6 months old. This review provides a practical update on the use of cetirizine in children and adolescents.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Antihistamines are currently one of the most commonly administered categories of drugs. They are used to treat symptoms that are secondary to histamine release, which is typical of certain allergic conditions, including rhinitis, conjunctivitis, asthma, urticaria, and anaphylaxis. Cetirizine belongs to the second-generation family, so, it is very selective for peripheral H1 receptors, is potent and quickly relieves symptoms, exerts additional anti-allergic/anti-inflammatory effects, and is usually well-tolerated. It has been marketed 30 years ago. In these years, a remarkable body of evidence has been built. The current review provides a practical update on the use of cetirizine in clinical practice.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC

Cetirizine hydrochloride (CTZ), a second-generation anti-histaminic drug, has been recently explored for its effectiveness in the treatment of alopecia. Niosomes are surfactant-based nanovesicular systems that have promising applications in both topical and transdermal drug delivery. The aim of this study was to design topical CTZ niosomes for management of alopecia. Thin film hydration technique was implemented for the fabrication of CTZ niosomes. The niosomes were examined for vesicle size, surface charge, and entrapment efficiency. The optimized niosomal formulation was incorporated into a hydrogel base (HPMC) and explored for physical characteristics, ex vivo permeation, and in vivo dermato-kinetic study. The optimized CTZ-loaded niosomal formulation showed an average size of 403.4 ± 15.6 nm, zeta potential of - 12.9 ± 1.7 mV, and entrapment efficiency percentage of 52.8 ± 1.9%. Compared to plain drug solution, entrapment of CTZ within niosomes significantly prolonged in vitro drug release up to 12 h. Most importantly, ex-vivo skin deposition studies and in vivo dermato-kinetic studies verified superior skin deposition/retention of CTZ from CTZ-loaded niosomal gels, compared to plain CTZ gel. CTZ-loaded niosomal gel permitted higher drug deposition percentage (19.2 ± 1.9%) and skin retention (AUC0-10 h 1124.5 ± 87.9 μg/mL.h) of CTZ, compared to 7.52 ± 0.7% and 646.2 ± 44.6 μg/mL.h for plain CTZ gel, respectively. Collectively, niosomes might represent a promising carrier for the cutaneous delivery of cetirizine for the topical management of alopecia.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND

Currently, pharmaceutical companies are working on innovative methods, processes and products. Oral mucoadhesive systems, such as tablets, gels, and polymer films, are among these possible products. Oral mucoadhesive systems possess many advantages, including the possibility to be applied in swallowing problems. The present study focused on formulating buccal mucoadhesive polymer films and investigating the physical and physical-chemical properties of films. Sodium alginate (SA) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) were used as film-forming agents, glycerol (GLY) was added as a plasticizer, and cetirizine dihydrochloride (CTZ) was used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The polymer films were prepared at room temperature with the solvent casting method by mixed two-level and three-level factorial designs. The thickness, tensile strength (hardness), mucoadhesivity, surface free energy (SFE), FTIR, and Raman spectra, as well as the dissolution of the prepared films, were investigated. The investigations showed that GLY can reduce the mucoadhesivity of films, and CTZ can increase the tensile strength of films. The distribution of CTZ proved to be homogeneous in the films. The API could dissolve completely from all the films. We can conclude that polymer films with 1% and 3% GLY concentrations are appropriate to be formulated for application on the buccal mucosa as a drug delivery system.

Abstract licence: CC BY