Carbaryl 1% aqueous liquid

This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of carbaryl at environmentally relevant concentrations on the non-target organism Allium cepa L. and to investigate the potential protective effects of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. (Senna) leaf extract (Ca-ex) against this toxicity. Germination parameters, mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN), chromosomal aberrations (CAs), comet assays, and spectral shift analyses were employed to assess both toxic and protective effects. Oxidative stress parameters were also investigated. A plant-based bioassay was conducted using root tips and leaves of A. cepa. Exposure to 0.3 µg/L carbaryl resulted in a 41% reduction in germination, a 22% decrease in cell proliferation, and significant increases in DNA fragmentation, MN, CAs, and anatomical damage. Both the decrease in MI rates and the significant increase in MN frequency indicate the cytotoxic effect of carbaryl. In the groups in which Ca-ex was administered together with carbaryl, MI rates increased again and MN frequency decreased, and these findings indicate the protective effect of Ca-ex. Exposure to carbaryl resulted in a significant decrease in chlorophyll levels and a significant increase in malondialdehyde, proline, superoxide dismutase and catalase levels. Administration of Ca-ex in combination with carbaryl improved the oxidative stress parameter levels. The mitigating effect of the extract is likely associated with its phenolic content, and LC-MS/MS analysis identified quercetin, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid as major components. While the findings provide promising evidence that C. angustifolia extract can mitigate carbaryl-induced toxicity in A. cepa, it is important to highlight that this study primarily focused on the protective effects in a non-target plant model. Future investigations should aim to explore the compatibility of such extracts with pesticide formulations, their effects on target pests, and their regulatory and economic feasibility in agricultural systems.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND

BACKGROUND: Pesticide exposure has been associated with adverse health effects. We evaluated relationships between proximity to agricultural insecticide applications and insecticides in household dust, accounting for land use and wind direction. METHODS: ) during 30-, 60-, 180-, and 365-day periods prior to dust collection and evaluated relationships between three density metrics (CPUR unit-based, agricultural land area adjusted, and average daily wind direction adjusted) and dust concentrations. We modeled natural-log transformed concentrations using Tobit regression for carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, diazinon, and permethrin. Odds of detection were modeled with logistic regression for azinphos-methyl, cyfluthrin, malathion, and phosmet. We adjusted for season, year, occupation, and home/garden uses. RESULTS: Chlorpyrifos use within 1-4 km was associated with 1 to 2-times higher dust concentrations in both the 60- and 365-day periods. Carbaryl applications within 2-4 km of homes 60-days prior to dust collection were associated with 3 to 7-times higher concentrations and the 4 km trend was strongest using the wind-adjusted metric (p-trend = 0.04). For diazinon, there were 2-times higher concentrations for the 60-day metrics in the 2 km buffer and for the CPUR and wind-adjusted metrics within 4 km. Cyfluthrin, phosmet, and azinphos-methyl applications within 4 km in the prior 365-days were associated with 2-, 6-, and 3-fold higher odds of detection, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Agricultural use of six of the nine insecticides within 4 km is an important determinant of indoor contamination. Our findings demonstrated that GIS-based metrics for quantifying potential exposure to fugitive emissions from agriculture should incorporate tailored distances and time periods and support wind-adjustment for some, but not all insecticides.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND

An UPLC- mass spectrometry method has been proposed for the screening of carbaryl residues in fresh vegetables. Carbaryl treated samples of lettuce, cucumber and spinach were procured and analyzed for a time period of fifteen days to find out the amount of carbaryl residue. A simple and effective liquid–liquid sample extraction technique has been implemented for extraction of carbaryl. Multiple reactions monitoring analysis mode considering two daughter transitions was used for quantitation and confirmation analysis of carbaryl. The developed method has been authenticated by establishing various validation parameters including, linear ranges (0.001–5.0 µg/mL), percent recovery, reproducibility (precision), limits of detection (0.0003 µg/mL) and limits of quantification (0.0009 µg/mL). The recoveries were obtained in the range of 96.0 and 99.5% (RSD < 3.8%, n = 3). All fresh vegetable samples have shown unlike carbaryl contamination for a certain time interval. The results were clearly designated that the residue quantities of the inspected pesticide does not cross the established maximum residue limits (MRLs).

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND