Caffeine citrate 80mg/5ml oral solution
Requires a prescription from a doctor or prescriber
Caffeine is a drug of the methylxanthine class used for a variety of purposes, including certain respiratory conditions of the premature newborn, pain relief, and to combat drowsiness.
Official documents, adverse reaction reporting, and safety monitoring
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Official medicine documents
Safety monitoring data
Yellow Card reports
The MHRA Yellow Card scheme collects reports of suspected side effects from healthcare professionals and patients. View the Drug Analysis Profile (iDAP) for real-world adverse reaction data.
View Drug Analysis Profile
Suspected adverse reactions reported for Caffeine citrate
Browse all iDAP reports
Interactive Drug Analysis Profiles for all medicines
Report a side effect
Submit a Yellow Card report to the MHRA
Data from the MHRA Yellow Card scheme. A reported reaction does not necessarily mean the medicine caused it. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
EudraVigilance
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) collects suspected adverse reaction reports from across the EU/EEA through the EudraVigilance system. Search for safety data on this medicine.
View EudraVigilance report
Suspected adverse reactions reported for Caffeine citrate
About EudraVigilance
Learn about EU pharmacovigilance and safety monitoring
EudraVigilance data is published by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). A suspected adverse reaction is not necessarily caused by the medicine.
1 branded products available
WHO defined daily dose (DDD)
400 mg
Not a recommended dose. The DDD is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults. It is a statistical measure used for research and comparison purposes only.
Source: WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, distributed via NHS dm+d BNF mapping files. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Therapeutically similar medicines
Similarity based on WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and NHS BNF section grouping. Source data: NHS dm+d via TRUD (OGL v3.0), WHO ATC/DDD Index.
NHS prescribing volume and spending trends
Clinical guidelines and formulary information
British National Formulary
Caffeine citrate
Source: British National Formulary, NICE. Joint Formulary Committee. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
NICE clinical guidance(2)
Specialist neonatal respiratory care for babies born preterm (NG124)
Fertility problems: assessment and treatment (CG156)
Source: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Check stock at pharmacies and supply information
Pharmacy stock checkers
Search for this medicine at major UK pharmacy chains. These links open the retailer's own website — results depend on their current online catalogue.
Supply & product information
Official product databases and supply status monitoring
Pharmacy links redirect to the retailer's own search and do not represent real-time stock levels. emc (electronic medicines compendium) is operated by Datapharm Ltd. Shortage information sourced from NHS Specialist Pharmacy Service (SPS), sps.nhs.uk.
Codes for healthcare professionals and prescribing systems
These codes are used by healthcare IT systems and prescribers to identify this medicine.
NHS UK identifiers
Browse tools
SNOMED CT and dm+d codes from NHS TRUD (Technology Reference data Update Distribution), licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. BNF codes from NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA). ATC codes from the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (whocc.no).
Active and completed clinical studies from ClinicalTrials.gov
Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Data accessed via ClinicalTrials.gov API v2. Trial information is provided for research purposes and does not constitute medical advice.
Pharmacology and chemical data from DrugBank
Key facts
Drug status
Approved
Major interactions
None known
Half-life
5 hours
Mechanism
The mechanism of action of caffeine is complex, as it impacts several body systems, which are listed below.
Food interactions
None known
Human targets
15 targets
Data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
Pharmacokinetics at a glance
Absorption
30 minutes
[A187730]…
Half-life
5 hours
Protein binding
10%
Volume of distribution
0.8-0.9 L/kg
Metabolism
[A187730]…
Elimination
0.5%
Clearance
0.078 L/kg
Pharmacokinetic data: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0
The caffeine citrate injection, used for apnea of the premature newborn, was initially approved by the FDA in 1999.[L9863] According to an article from 2017, more than 15 million babies are born prematurely worldwide. This correlates to about 1 in 10 births. Premature birth can lead to apnea and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a condition that interferes with lung development and may eventually cause asthma or early onset emphysema in those born prematurely.[A187694] Caffeine is beneficial in preventing and treating apnea and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in newborns, improving the quality of life of premature infants.T716
[L9899]
Caffeine has a broad range of over the counter uses, and is found in energy supplements, athletic enhancement products, pain relief products, as well as cosmetic products.[T716,L9854,L9872]
Known interactions with other medications. Always consult a healthcare professional.
Showing 50 of 678 interactions
Caffeine overdose
In the case of caffeine overdose, seizures may occur, as caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant. It should be used with extreme caution in those with epilepsy or other seizure disorders.
[L9851]
Symptoms of overdose may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and gastrointestinal upset. Intoxication with caffeine is included in the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Agitation, anxiety, restlessness, insomnia, tachycardia, tremors, tachycardia, psychomotor agitation, and, in some cases, death can occur, depending on the amount of caffeine consumed. Overdose is more likely to occur in individuals who do not consume caffeine regularly but consume energy drinks.
[A187721]
Overdose management
For a mild caffeine overdose, offer symptomatic treatment.
In the case of a severe overdose, intubation for airway protection from changes in mental status or vomiting may be needed. Activated charcoal and hemodialysis can prevent further complications of an overdose and prevent absorption and metabolism. Benzodiazepine drugs can be administered to prevent or treat seizures. IV fluids and vasopressors may be necessary to combat hypotension associated with caffeine overdose.
In addition, magnesium and beta blocking drugs can be used to treat arrhythmias that may occur, with defibrillation and resuscitation if the arrhythmias are lethal. Follow local ACLS protocols.T716
General and cellular actions
Caffeine exerts several actions on cells, but the clinical relevance is poorly understood. One probable mechanism is the inhibition of nucleotide phosphodiesterase enzymes, adenosine receptors, regulation of calcium handling in cells, and participates in adenosine receptor antagonism.[A187721][L9857] Phosphodiesterase enzymes regulate cell function via actions on second messengers cAMP and cGMP.[A187724] This causes lipolysis through activation of hormone-sensitive lipases, releasing fatty acids and glycerol.T722
Respiratory
The exact mechanism of action of caffeine in treating apnea related to prematurity is unknown, however, there are several proposed mechanisms, including respiratory center stimulation in the central nervous system, a reduced threshold to hypercapnia with increased response, and increased consumption of oxygen, among others.[L9851] The blocking of the adenosine receptors enhances respiratory drive via an increase in brain medullary response to carbon dioxide, stimulating ventilation and respiratory drive, while increasing contractility of the diaphragm.T716
Central nervous system
Caffeine demonstrates antagonism of all 4 adenosine receptor subtypes (A1, A2a, A2b, A3) in the central nervous system.[T716,L9851] Caffeine's effects on alertness and combatting drowsiness are specifically related to the antagonism of the A2a receptor.T716
Renal system
Caffeine has diuretic effects due to is stimulatory effects on renal blood flow, increase in glomerular filtration, and increase in sodium excretion.T716
Cardiovascular system
Adenosine receptor antagonism at the A1 receptor by caffeine stimulates inotropic effects in the heart. Blocking of adenosine receptors promotes catecholamine release, leading to stimulatory effects occurring in the heart and the rest of the body. In the blood vessels, caffeine exerts direct antagonism of adenosine receptors, causing vasodilation. It stimulates the endothelial cells in the blood vessel wall to release nitric oxide, potentiating blood vessel relaxation. Catecholamine release, however, antagonizes this and exerts inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart, ultimately leading to vasoconstriction. Finally, caffeine is shown to raise systolic blood pressure measurements by 5 to 10 mmHg when it is not taken regularly, versus no effect in those who consume it regularly.T716 The vasoconstricting effects of caffeine are beneficial in migraines and other types of headache, which are normally caused by vasodilation in the brain.[A187709][L9872]
How the body processes this drug — absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
[A187730]
After oral administration, onset of action takes place within 45 to 1 hour.
[L9827]
Food may delay caffeine absorption. The peak plasma level for caffeine ranges from 6-10mg/L.
[L9851]
The absolute bioavailability is unavailable in neonates[L9851], but reaches about 100% in adults.T716
The half-life in newborns is prolonged to about 8 hours at full-term and 100 hours in premature infants, likely due to reduced ability to metabolize it. Liver disease or drugs that inhibit CYP1A2 can increase caffeine half-life.[T716,T722]
[L9851]
[A187730]
The products of caffeine metabolism include paraxanthine, theobromine, and theophylline. The first step of caffeine metabolism is demethylation, yielding paraxanthine (a major metabolite), followed by theobromine, and theophylline, which are both minor metabolites. They are then excreted in urine as urates after additional metabolism.[A187730,T716,L9851] The enzymes xanthine oxidase and N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) also participate in the metabolism of caffeine.
[A187730]
Proteins and enzymes this drug interacts with in the body
PMID:15260978 PMID:8855339 PMID:9419816
Has a preference for cGMP as a substrate PMID:9419816
Enzymes involved in drug metabolism — important for understanding drug interactions
Proteins that transport this drug across cell membranes
PMID:11306452 PMID:12958161 PMID:19506252 PMID:20705604 PMID:28554189 PMID:30405239 PMID:31003562
Involved in porphyrin homeostasis, mediating the export of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) from both mitochondria to cytosol and cytosol to extracellular space, it also functions in the cellular export of heme .
PMID:20705604 PMID:23189181
Also mediates the efflux of sphingosine-1-P from cells .
PMID:20110355
Acts as a urate exporter functioning in both renal and extrarenal urate excretion .
PMID:19506252 PMID:20368174 PMID:22132962 PMID:31003562 PMID:36749388
In kidney, it also functions as a physiological exporter of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (By similarity). Also involved in the excretion of steroids like estrone 3-sulfate/E1S, 3beta-sulfooxy-androst-5-en-17-one/DHEAS, and other sulfate conjugates .
PMID:12682043 PMID:28554189 PMID:30405239
Mediates the secretion of the riboflavin and biotin vitamins into milk (By similarity). Extrudes pheophorbide a, a phototoxic porphyrin catabolite of chlorophyll, reducing its bioavailability (By similarity).
Plays an important role in the exclusion of xenobiotics from the brain (Probable). It confers to cells a resistance to multiple drugs and other xenobiotics including mitoxantrone, pheophorbide, camptothecin, methotrexate, azidothymidine, and the anthracyclines daunorubicin and doxorubicin, through the control of their efflux .
PMID:11306452 PMID:12477054 PMID:15670731 PMID:18056989 PMID:31254042
In placenta, it limits the penetration of drugs from the maternal plasma into the fetus (By similarity). May play a role in early stem cell self-renewal by blocking differentiation (By similarity).
In inflammatory macrophages, exports itaconate from the cytosol to the extracellular compartment and limits the activation of TFEB-dependent lysosome biogenesis involved in antibacterial innate immune response
ATC D11AX26
ATC R03DA20
ATC V04CG30
ATC N06BC01
Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
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Chemical identifiers
CAS, UNII, InChI Key and database cross-references
Linked compound data from DrugBank Open Data (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Caffeine
Matched from: Caffeine citrate
Additional database identifiers
Drugs Product Database (DPD)
9358
Drugs Product Database (DPD)
9357
ChemSpider
2424
BindingDB
10849
PDB
CFF
Guide to Pharmacology
407
ZINC
ZINC000000001084
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:262
GenAtlas
ADORA1
GeneCards
ADORA1
GenBank Gene Database
S45235
GenBank Protein Database
256155
Guide to Pharmacology
18
UniProt Accession
AA1R_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:263
GenAtlas
ADORA2A
GeneCards
ADORA2A
GenBank Gene Database
M97370
GenBank Protein Database
177892
Guide to Pharmacology
19
UniProt Accession
AA2AR_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:264
GenAtlas
ADORA2B
GeneCards
ADORA2B
GenBank Gene Database
M97759
GenBank Protein Database
178150
Guide to Pharmacology
20
UniProt Accession
AA2BR_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:268
GenAtlas
ADORA3
GeneCards
ADORA3
GenBank Gene Database
L20463
GenBank Protein Database
349449
Guide to Pharmacology
21
UniProt Accession
AA3R_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8783
GenAtlas
PDE4D
GeneCards
PDE4D
GenBank Gene Database
L20970
GenBank Protein Database
347130
Guide to Pharmacology
1303
UniProt Accession
PDE4D_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8779
GenAtlas
PDE3B
GeneCards
PDE3B
GenBank Gene Database
U38178
GenBank Protein Database
1145302
Guide to Pharmacology
1299
UniProt Accession
PDE3B_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8784
GenAtlas
PDE5A
GeneCards
PDE5A
GenBank Gene Database
AF043731
GenBank Protein Database
3420185
Guide to Pharmacology
1304
UniProt Accession
PDE5A_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8775
GenAtlas
PDE1B
GeneCards
PDE1B
GenBank Gene Database
U56976
Guide to Pharmacology
1295
UniProt Accession
PDE1B_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8021
GenAtlas
NT5E
GeneCards
NT5E
GenBank Gene Database
X55740
GenBank Protein Database
23897
Guide to Pharmacology
1232
UniProt Accession
5NTD_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8781
GenAtlas
PDE4B
GeneCards
PDE4B
GenBank Gene Database
L20966
GenBank Protein Database
347122
Guide to Pharmacology
1301
UniProt Accession
PDE4B_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:10483
GenAtlas
RYR1
GeneCards
RYR1
GenBank Gene Database
J05200
GenBank Protein Database
337722
UniProt Accession
RYR1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8780
GenAtlas
PDE4A
GeneCards
PDE4A
GenBank Gene Database
L20965
GenBank Protein Database
347120
Guide to Pharmacology
1300
UniProt Accession
PDE4A_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8781
GenAtlas
PDE4B
GeneCards
PDE4B
GenBank Gene Database
L20966
GenBank Protein Database
347122
Guide to Pharmacology
1301
UniProt Accession
PDE4B_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8782
GenAtlas
PDE4C
GeneCards
PDE4C
GenBank Gene Database
Z46632
GenBank Protein Database
727223
Guide to Pharmacology
1302
UniProt Accession
PDE4C_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8783
GenAtlas
PDE4D
GeneCards
PDE4D
GenBank Gene Database
L20970
GenBank Protein Database
347130
Guide to Pharmacology
1303
UniProt Accession
PDE4D_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8792
GenAtlas
PDE7B
GeneCards
PDE7B
GenBank Gene Database
AB038040
GenBank Protein Database
8439497
Guide to Pharmacology
1306
UniProt Accession
PDE7B_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8772
GenAtlas
PDE10A
GeneCards
PDE10A
GenBank Gene Database
AB020593
GenBank Protein Database
4958858
Guide to Pharmacology
1310
UniProt Accession
PDE10_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8777
GenAtlas
PDE2A
GeneCards
PDE2A
GenBank Gene Database
U67733
GenBank Protein Database
2108052
Guide to Pharmacology
1297
UniProt Accession
PDE2A_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8778
GenAtlas
PDE3A
GeneCards
PDE3A
GenBank Gene Database
M91667
GenBank Protein Database
38201493
Guide to Pharmacology
1298
UniProt Accession
PDE3A_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8779
GenAtlas
PDE3B
GeneCards
PDE3B
GenBank Gene Database
U38178
GenBank Protein Database
1145302
Guide to Pharmacology
1299
UniProt Accession
PDE3B_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8784
GenAtlas
PDE5A
GeneCards
PDE5A
GenBank Gene Database
AF043731
GenBank Protein Database
3420185
Guide to Pharmacology
1304
UniProt Accession
PDE5A_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8787
GeneCards
PDE6C
Guide to Pharmacology
1314
UniProt Accession
PDE6C_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8773
GeneCards
PDE11A
GenBank Gene Database
AB036704
GenBank Protein Database
10716052
Guide to Pharmacology
1311
UniProt Accession
PDE11_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8774
GeneCards
PDE1A
GenBank Gene Database
U40370
GenBank Protein Database
1151109
Guide to Pharmacology
1294
UniProt Accession
PDE1A_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8775
GenAtlas
PDE1B
GeneCards
PDE1B
GenBank Gene Database
U56976
Guide to Pharmacology
1295
UniProt Accession
PDE1B_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8776
GeneCards
PDE1C
Guide to Pharmacology
1296
UniProt Accession
PDE1C_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8791
GenAtlas
PDE7A
GeneCards
PDE7A
GenBank Gene Database
L12052
GenBank Protein Database
5566609
Guide to Pharmacology
1305
UniProt Accession
PDE7A_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8793
GeneCards
PDE8A
GenBank Gene Database
AF388183
GenBank Protein Database
16417190
Guide to Pharmacology
1307
UniProt Accession
PDE8A_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8794
GeneCards
PDE8B
GenBank Gene Database
AY129948
GenBank Protein Database
32261241
Guide to Pharmacology
1308
UniProt Accession
PDE8B_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8795
GenAtlas
PDE9A
GeneCards
PDE9A
GenBank Gene Database
AF048837
Guide to Pharmacology
1309
UniProt Accession
PDE9A_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8785
GeneCards
PDE6A
Guide to Pharmacology
1312
UniProt Accession
PDE6A_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8786
GeneCards
PDE6B
UniProt Accession
PDE6B_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:9413
GenAtlas
PRKDC
GeneCards
PRKDC
GenBank Gene Database
U47077
Guide to Pharmacology
2800
UniProt Accession
PRKDC_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8977
GenAtlas
PIK3CD
GeneCards
PIK3CD
GenBank Gene Database
Y10055
Guide to Pharmacology
2155
UniProt Accession
PK3CD_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8975
GenAtlas
PIK3CA
GeneCards
PIK3CA
GenBank Gene Database
Z29090
Guide to Pharmacology
2153
UniProt Accession
PK3CA_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:8976
GenAtlas
PIK3CB
GeneCards
PIK3CB
GenBank Gene Database
S67334
Guide to Pharmacology
2154
UniProt Accession
PK3CB_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6180
GeneCards
ITPR1
UniProt Accession
ITPR1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6181
GeneCards
ITPR2
UniProt Accession
ITPR2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:6182
GeneCards
ITPR3
UniProt Accession
ITPR3_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:795
GeneCards
ATM
Guide to Pharmacology
1934
UniProt Accession
ATM_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2596
GenAtlas
CYP1A2
GeneCards
CYP1A2
GenBank Gene Database
Z00036
Guide to Pharmacology
1319
UniProt Accession
CP1A2_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2637
GenAtlas
CYP3A4
GeneCards
CYP3A4
GenBank Gene Database
M18907
Guide to Pharmacology
1337
UniProt Accession
CP3A4_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2631
GeneCards
CYP2E1
GenBank Gene Database
J02625
GenBank Protein Database
181360
Guide to Pharmacology
1330
UniProt Accession
CP2E1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2622
GenAtlas
CYP2C8
GeneCards
CYP2C8
GenBank Gene Database
M17397
Guide to Pharmacology
1325
UniProt Accession
CP2C8_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2623
GenAtlas
CYP2C9
GeneCards
CYP2C9
GenBank Gene Database
AY341248
Guide to Pharmacology
1326
UniProt Accession
CP2C9_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2595
GeneCards
CYP1A1
GenBank Gene Database
K03191
GenBank Protein Database
181276
Guide to Pharmacology
1318
UniProt Accession
CP1A1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2597
GenAtlas
CYP1B1
GeneCards
CYP1B1
GenBank Gene Database
U03688
GenBank Protein Database
501031
Guide to Pharmacology
1320
UniProt Accession
CP1B1_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:2625
GenAtlas
CYP2D6
GeneCards
CYP2D6
GenBank Gene Database
M20403
GenBank Protein Database
181350
Guide to Pharmacology
1329
UniProt Accession
CP2D6_HUMAN
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
HGNC:74
GenAtlas
ABCG2
GeneCards
ABCG2
GenBank Gene Database
AF103796
GenBank Protein Database
4185796
Guide to Pharmacology
792
UniProt Accession
ABCG2_HUMAN
International reference pricing
Reference pricing from DrugBank. Prices are indicative and may not reflect current UK costs.
Source: DrugBank. Used under CC BY-NC 4.0 academic licence for non-commercial purposes.
Patent information
All patents expired, 1 expired
Source: DrugBank · CC BY-NC 4.0. Patent data sourced from national patent offices. Expiry dates may not reflect extensions, regulatory exclusivity periods, or legal challenges.
DrugBank citations
If you use DrugBank data in your research, please cite the following publications: