Caffeine 250mg/2ml / Sodium benzoate 250mg/2ml solution for injection ampoules

Anxiety and depression are the most prevalent mental illnesses in the contemporary world. Several animal models have been developed to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders and the effect of drugs in modulating the associated behavioral responses. Neuroinflammation has been related to mood disorders. Caffeine is a psychoactive substance that acts as a nonspecific blocker of adenosine receptors. Adenosine receptors are present in neurons and glial cells in different brain areas that are involved in controlling anxiety and depression. However, depending on the context, caffeine can exacerbate or inhibit neuroinflammation and behavioral responses associated with these conditions. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of caffeine and related xanthines on neuroinflammation observed in rodent models of anxiety and depression. A systematic database search (PROSPERO CRD42024517989) returned 17 eligible studies, separated based on the animal model. Most of the analyzed studies revealed that caffeine led to a beneficial effect, mitigating anxiety and depressive-like behaviors and possible cognitive impairments induced by stress. In addition, it also reversed oxidative damage and neuroinflammation by reducing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ß, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 and inhibiting glial cell activation. Together, these data reveal a robust effect of caffeine in alleviating symptoms for individuals with these disorders, even though the doses and routes of caffeine administration were highly variable among eligible studies. In addition, they advance the identification of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these effects.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-ND

BACKGROUND: provides a powerful platform to study the physiology and genetics of aging, i.e., the mechanisms underpinnings healthy aging, age-associated disorders, and acceleration of the aging process under adverse environmental conditions. Here, we tested the responses of daily rhythms to age-accelerated factors in two wild-type laboratory-adapted strains, Canton-S and Harwich. METHODS: On the example of the 24 h patterns of locomotor activity and sleep, we documented the responses of these two strains to such factors as aging, high temperature, carbohydrate diet, and diet with different doses of caffeine-benzoate sodium. RESULTS: The strains demonstrated differential responses to these factors. Moreover, compared to Canton-S, Harwich showed a reduced locomotor activity, larger amount of sleep, faster rate of development, smaller body weight, lower concentrations of main sugars, lower fecundity, and shorter lifespan. CONCLUSIONS: It might be recommended to use at least two strains, one with a relatively fast and another with a relatively slow aging process, for the experimental elaboration of relationships between genes, environment, behavior, physiology, and health.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Abstract Our hospital admitted a patient who had difficulty in coagulation even after blood replacement, and the patient had abused caffeine sodium benzoate (CSB) for more than 20 years. Hence, we aimed to explore whether CSB may cause dysfunction in vascular endothelial cells and its possible mechanism. Low, medium, and high concentrations of serum of long‐term CSB intake patients were used to treat HUVECs, with LPS as the positive control. MTT and CCK8 were performed to verify CSB's damaging effect on HUVECs. The expression of ET‐1, ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1, and E‐selectin were measured by ELISA. TUNEL assay and Matrigel tube formation assay were carried out to detect apoptosis and angiogenesis of HUVECs. Flow cytometry was applied to analyze cell cycles and expression of CD11b, PDGF, and ICAM‐1. Expression of PDGF‐BB and PCNA were examined by western blot. The activation of MAPK signaling pathway was detected by qRT‐PCR and western blot. Intracellular Ca 2+ density was detected by fluorescent probes. CCK8 assay showed high concentration of CSB inhibited cell viability. Cell proliferation and angiogenesis were inhibited by CSB. ET‐1, ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1, and E‐selectin upregulated in CSB groups. CSB enhanced apoptosis of HUVECs. CD11b, ICAM‐1 increased and PDGF reduced in CSB groups. The expression level and phosphorylation level of MEK, ERK, JUN, and p38 in MAPK pathway elevated in CSB groups. The expression of PCNA and PDGF‐BB was suppressed by CSB. Intracellular Ca 2+ intensity was increased by CSB. Abuse of CSB injured HUVECs and caused coagulation disorders.

Abstract licence: CC BY

Current standard test methods for assessing biodegradation of chemicals are laborious and not suited for high-throughput screening of chemicals because of both the required volume of the test medium and the limited possibility for automation of measurements of biodegradation. A high-throughput method (HTM) should be miniaturized, suitable for automation, and based on generic parameters that can indicate biodegradation of any chemical. The aim of this study was to develop an HTM based on bacterial proliferation (i.e., growth) as an indicator of biodegradation, measured by flow cytometry. Natural bacterial communities were exposed to reference chemicals in 96-well plates for up to 14 days at 19 °C and the results compared with parallel standard biodegradation screening tests for freshwater (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD] 301F) and seawater (OECD 306). Increased bacterial growth, compared with nonexposed inocula, was used as an indication of biodegradation. Sodium benzoate induced a significant growth response that corresponded to the biodegradation experiments in both freshwater and marine water. Aniline induced a lower frequency of significant growth compared with the frequency of positive biodegradation results, whereas caffeine induced a higher frequency and more rapid growth response compared with biodegradation results. This shows the potential for an HTM for biodegradation testing using bacterial growth.

Abstract licence: CC BY