Cade oil 6% / Salicylic acid 3% / Sulfur 3% in Emulsifying ointment

Secondary metabolites are highly beneficial to human health and have commercial and industrial values. So, this research aimed to study the effects of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) on some secondary metabolites in purple coneflower. A field experiment as a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in Shahrood, Iran. Treatments were the factorial arrangement of 3 SA (0, 0.5, and 1 millimole) and 4 JA concentrations (0, 5, 20, and 50 micromole). The non-linear regression procedure was employed to quantify the relation of these materials with each other. The results indicated that the SA effect on all ten measured secondary metabolites changed with changing the JA levels as there was the interaction between these elicitors. On average, most (7 out of 11) of the combined SA_JA levels up-regulated the production of secondary metabolites as compared to the plants not sprayed with SA and JA. In terms of average response to elicitation with 11 combined SA_JA levels, they ranked from higher to lower as the guaiacol peroxidase, hydrogen proxide (H2O2), polyphenol oxidase, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, NADPH oxidase, total phenolic content, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, anthocyanin, and flavonoid. A few secondary metabolites appeared to have a biphasic relationship with each other. For instance, over lower and medium values of NADPH oxidase activity, anthocyanin content increased linearly with increasing NADPH oxidase activity; over higher values of NADPH oxidase activity, it showed a plateau state.

Abstract licence: CC BY

The increasing consumption of edible oils has resulted in a parallel rise in waste cooking oil (WCO), a harmful waste stream but one that also represents a promising raw material. In this study, oil-based binders were synthesised from WCO using various reagents: Sulfuric(VI) acid, hydrobromic acid, acetic acid, salicylic acid, glycolic acid, zinc acetate, ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, and their selected mixtures. The manufacturing process was optimised, and the composites were evaluated for physicochemical and mechanical properties, including compressive strength, bending strength, and water absorption. The best performance was observed for composites catalysed with a mixture of sulfuric(VI) acid and 20% hydrogen peroxide, cured at 240 °C, yielding compressive and bending strengths of 5.20 MPa and 1.34 MPa, respectively. Under modified curing conditions, a compressive strength of 5.70 MPa and a bending strength of 0.75 MPa were obtained. The composite modified with glycolic acid showed the lowest water absorption (3%). These findings demonstrate how catalyst type and curing parameters influence composite structure, porosity, and mechanical behaviour. The study provides new insights into the process–structure–property relationships in oil-based materials and supports the development of environmentally friendly composites from waste feedstocks.

Abstract licence: CC BY