Benzatropine 2mg tablets

Drug-drug interactions among children are a getting along concern in health care settings, specifically intensive care units, as sources of adverse drug events that may affect patient condition. Children admitted to pediatric intensive care unit are more prone to drug-drug interactions owing to the diseases and medications complexity. This condition could put the patient at high risk of harm, particularly with his critical condition, so need intense considerations from clinical practitioners to prevent adverse drug events caused by potential drug-drug interactions. This article’s review attempts to explore the important drug-drug interactions among children, including explaining the drug combination, mechanism, and related adverse drug events to help health practitioners recognize it earlier before prescribing the medication. This article’s review explored previous research results from PubMed and Google Scholar as literature resources and PRISMA flow chart as protocol for article selection process. A total of 9 articles discussed comprehensively about the type of drug combinations, mechanism of drug-drug interactions, and associated adverse drug events with significant drug-drug interactions that commonly occurred in children’s patient during the treatment. The drug-drug interaction including midazolam-phenobarbital, cannabidiol-clobazam, Paxlovid-tacrolimus, inhaled fluticasone propionate-lopinavir/ritonavir, rifampicin-warfarin, clofazimine-moxifloxacin, benzatropine-haloperidol, and enalapril-spironolactone. In conclusion, gaining a better understanding of drug-drug interactions among children will empower healthcare professionals to develop useful strategies to recognize, manage, and prevent various types of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions. Especially at different stages in terms of age, physiology, and complexity of the disease in children.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC

Myoclonic dystonia refers to a clinical syndrome characterized by rapid jerky movements along with dystonic posturing of the limbs. Clinically, it is characterized by sudden, brief, electric shock-like movements, mostly involving the upper extremities, shoulders, neck and trunk. Characteristically, the movements wane with consumption of small dose of alcohol in about 50% of cases. Additionally, dystonic contractions are observed in most of the patients in the affected body parts and some patients may exhibit cervical dystonia or graphospasm as well. It may manifest as an autosomal dominant condition or sometimes, as a sporadic entity, though there are doubts whether these represent cases with reduced penetrance. The condition is usually treated with a combination of an anticholinergic agent like, benztropine, pimozide and tetrabenazine. We report one sporadic case and one familial case where the father and the son are affected. The cases were collected from the Movement Disorders Clinic of Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, West Bengal in a period of ten months. Myoclonic dystonia is a rare condition and to the best of our knowledge, this series is the first one reported from our country. Videos of the patients are also provided with the article.

Abstract licence: CC BY-NC-SA

BackgroundThe presumed implication of thromboembolic and oxidative stress pathways in parkinsonism guided the current research toward the exploration of the anticoagulant dabigatran etexilate (DE) as a thrombin inhibitor in the cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-induced parkinsonism (CIP) model, a model of significance to industrial toxins-related health issues.MethodsOral CoCl2 (12.5 mg/kg) was administered daily for 60 days, with the introduction of benztropine mesylate (BM) (10 mg/kg) and/or DE (3 mg/kg) on day 31. Rearing, postural instability, and pasta handling were evaluated, followed by histopathologic examination of the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum (STR). The expressions of brain dopamine receptor 2 (D2 ), adenosine receptor 1 (A1) and 2A (A2A), and protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), as well as the brain levels of dopamine (DA), endothelin 1 (ET1), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH), were assessed.ResultsBM+DE restored the number of rears to the control level, compared to being reduced in the CIP model. BM+DE restored the first, second, third, and average displacement distances to the control level, compared to being reduced in the CIP model. BM+DE was superior to either BM or DE in restoring the time to finish eating pasta and the number of adjustments of forepaws while eating to control levels after being affected in the CIP model. BM+DE restored DA to the control level and was superior to DE in restoring D2  to the control level. BM+DE was superior to BM in restoring A1 and A2A , increasing A1/A2A beyond the control level. BM+DE was superior to BM in restoring PAR1 and ET1 to control levels. BM+DE was superior to BM in restoring MDA to the control level and was superior to both BM and DE in increasing GSH beyond the control level. BM+DE exhibited the highest percentage of preserved neurons in SN, which was negatively correlated with MDA.ConclusionBM+DE offers a therapeutic potential for parkinsonism triggered by chronic exposure to CoCl2. The implication of thrombin-related factors and oxidative stress in the modulation of the dopaminergic-adenosinergic crosstalk is plausible.

Abstract licence: CC BY